بررسی نقش حیاط در ارتقاء کارایی عملکردی مدارس ایران (موردکاوی: مدرسه مروی، البرز، کمال و سلمان)
محورهای موضوعی : معماری اسلامی
فرزانه نریمانی
1
*
,
ملیحه تقی پور
2
,
علی اکبر حیدری
3
1 - دکتری گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز
2 - دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز
3 - دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج
کلید واژه: مان فضایی, حیاط, کارایی عملکردی, مدرسه, نحو فضا.,
چکیده مقاله :
حیاط در ساختار فضایی معماری سنتی ایرانی از جایگاه ویژه‌ای برخوردار بوده و علاوه بر کاربردهای اقلیمی و جغرافیایی، از منظر طراحی معماری و عملکردی نیز حائز اهمیت بوده است به‌این‌ترتیب که با قرارگیری آن در مرکز بنا و چینش سایر فضاها پیرامون آن، علاوه بر تأمین نور و منظر مناسب برای فضاهای اطراف خود، کیفیات دسترسی به آنها و همچنین نوع و میزان استفاده از آنها توسط کاربران را نیز تحت‌الشعاع قرار می‌داده است. این عضو ضروری مدارس ایران در مدارس امروزی به دلیل کمبود زمین و باتوجه به تراکم ابنیه از ساختار کالبدی فضایی بسیاری از مدارس حذف و یا به لحاظ پیکره‌بندی مکان آن تغییر کرده است و نقش آن در تغییر کارکرد عملکردی بنا نادیده گرفته می‌شود. هدف، پژوهش حاضر را در راستای بررسی نقش حیاط بر کارایی عملکردی مدارس سوق داده است و عواملی چون نوع هندسه حیاط و موقعیت قرارگیری آن در پیکره بندی بنا، مورد سنجش قرار گرفته و پس از بررسی ادبیات پژوهش، شاخص‌های مرتبط با کارایی عملکردی فضا استخراج و معرفی می‌گردد و در مرحلة بعد، به‌منظور تحلیل میزان کارایی عملکردی، از دو ابزار ترسیم گراف و همچنین نرم‌افزار Depthmap استفاده می‌شود. در مجموع، روش تحقیق کمی و کیفی خواهد بود و چهار مدرسه سنتی و معاصر به‌عنوان نمونه موردی انتخاب گردیده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که وجود حیاط با الگوی مرکزی و با هندسه مستطیل یا مربع، بیشترین مقدار کارایی عملکردی، انعطاف‌پذیری، یکپارچگی و نیز قابلیت دسترسی مناسب به فضاها را در مدارس ایجاد می‌کند.
The courtyard has a special place in the spatial structure of traditional Iranian architecture and in addition to climatic and geographical applications, it has also been important from the point of view of architectural and functional design. The suitable landscape for the surrounding spaces has overshadowed the quality of their access as well as the type and extent of their use by users. This essential member of Iranian schools has been removed from the spatial physical structure of many schools due to the lack of land and due to the density of buildings, or its location has been changed, and its role in changing the functional function of the building is ignored. This has pushed the purpose of the current research to investigate the role of the courtyard on the functional efficiency of schools, on this basis, factors such as the type of geometry of the courtyard in the configuration of the building, and its location were considered as indicators in the current research, and therefore, in general, the research method It will be quantitative and qualitative and four schools with traditional, contemporary and modern designs were selected as case examples and the analyzes related to measuring functional efficiency were carried out on them using two methods of drawing graphs and using Depthmap software. Finally, the results of the research show The existence of a courtyard with a central pattern and with a rectangular or square geometry creates the greatest amount of functional efficiency, flexibility, integrity, and also the ability to access the spaces in schools.
Keywords: Functional Efficiency, School, Space Syntax, Spatial Arrangement, Yard.
Introduction
The courtyard is one of the main elements in schools, which has long played an important role in social and religious functions. The courtyard element has a special place in the spatial structure of the school, and in addition to climatic applications, it has also been very important from a functional point of view, meaning that in the construction of a school, in cases where the intention of building a school with a courtyard was in the mind of the builders, at first the courtyard was located with a completely regular shape in the configuration of the building, and then other elements such as cells, porches, etc. were erected around it. (Aminzadeh, 2008). The central courtyard is considered to be a sign of Muslims' feelings towards the space, especially the spiritual space, and later it reached its peak in the Islamic architectural culture in terms of functionality and symbolism. It is obvious that centrality in Islam is a symbol of unity and the basis It is a reflection of the quality in which unity is hidden (Jaafari et al., 2015). Taking this into account, it seems that the central courtyard was considered not only in the geometrical and spatial structure of the school building but also as a unifying factor and a place for presence. People's interaction is also considered an urban space and this confirms its social and cultural importance (Heydari and others, 2015). This means that when a space is placed in a specific configuration in such a way that the amount of penetration of unrelated activities in it is reduced and the possibility of providing services to adjacent spaces is increased, it can be better used by users, and in such a case, the space is efficient. It is considered to have a higher functional efficiency (2013: Mostafa & Hassan). This is despite the fact that in today's schools, due to the density of buildings and the problems related to land, in many schools, the yard has been removed from the body of space or its location has been changed in terms of configuration. This means that in the construction of the school, what remains after the construction of the building is used under the title of the courtyard (Heidari et al., 2015). Therefore, it is obvious that in such a situation, the courtyard no longer has its unifying nature and has become only a place for passing. Accordingly, the present research, while analyzing the courtyard in the past and contemporary architecture of schools, analyzes its role in the functional efficiency of the building. According to indicators such as its position in the configuration of the space as well as having a regular or irregular geometry, it analyzes this importance. With this explanation, the research questions can be examined in the form of the following:
As one of the main elements in the configuration of schools, how can the courtyard affect the improvement of its functional efficiency?
Considering the necessity of the courtyard in improving the functional efficiency of schools, what is the most suitable geometrical structure of the courtyard?
How is the proper location of the yard in order to improve the functional efficiency of schools?
Research Methodology
As mentioned in the introduction section, the main purpose of the current research is to analyze and investigate the role of Hayat in improving the functional efficiency of traditional and contemporary schools in Iran. For this purpose, two variables "location" and "geometric design or yard position" were introduced in the spatial system of the school as an independent variable and the functional efficiency of the yard as a dependent variable. Therefore, first of all, a set of indicators should be extracted that affect the level of operational efficiency of an environment, especially educational environments; Therefore, in the first stage of this research, after stating different definitions of this concept, the set of factors that influence its promotion were introduced. This finally led to the extraction of the theoretical framework in which indicators were introduced, therefore, in order to examine the indicators in this regard, they were extracted from the analysis of the graphs related to each of the case samples. The indices of "connection" and "connection", "depth", "the degree of concavity and convexity of space" and "axial space" can be extracted using Depthmap software. Syntax of space is a theory and a tool for analysis in architecture and urban planning. With this description, The research method in the current study is descriptive-analytical as well as logical reasoning using comparative analogy, in this regard, two quantitative and qualitative strategies are used in order to extract and analyze the findings. The method of collecting information has also been done in the form of library studies and field observations.
Conclusion
The main goal of the current research is to investigate the role of the yard in improving the functional efficiency of schools. The findings showed that in the conditions where traditional schools had a central courtyard pattern with surrounding cells, it had created greater permeability to the school space and increased spatial integration, control and connection. This provided the grounds for more use of the yard as one of the main spaces of the school, as well as the possibility of spatial planning in the form of a hierarchical system, a connection with the context of the neighborhood, which would also be effective in promoting urban interactions and increase the quality of interactions and make the school from a purely educational space to the center of social developments, while in contemporary and modern schools, reducing the connection with the city and the neighborhood, reducing the connection between open and closed space, reducing the importance and elimination of semi-open space, reducing the importance of open space and organizing open space and The organization of the interior space centered on the corridor, as well as their buildings, are gradually more extroverted and more visually connected with the body of the street, but in terms of social interactions, they are separate from the residents of the neighborhood, and it is a sign of the reduction of the social role of schools. The spatial integration between the yard and the school space was severely reduced and the physical and (sometimes visual) access of the spaces to the yard was completely limited.
In the end, it is important to mention that the current research does not claim that the central courtyard type in traditional schools always creates the best values in relation to functional efficiency indicators such as connection, connection and depth, etc. pointed out From the values obtained from these indicators, it has been proven that traditional schools with a central courtyard are in a better condition from the point of view of functional efficiency indicators than schools where the courtyard is located on one side and the body of space on the other side.
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