تأثیر معماری بیوفیلیک در تاب‌آوری کالبدی- محیطی مجتمع‌های مسکونی (نمونه موردی: مجتمع مسکونی برج بین‌المللی تهران)
محورهای موضوعی : معماری اسلامی
نگین سادات مقدسی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، واحد اراک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اراک، ایران )
مرجان خان محمدی
2
(استادیارگروه معماری، واحدکرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران )
حمیدرضا صارمی
3
(دانشیار گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران )
مهدی حقیقت بین
4
(دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران )
کلید واژه: تاب‌آوری کالبدی- محیطی, مجتمع مسکونی, معماری بیوفیلیک, برج بین‌المللی تهران.,
چکیده مقاله :
در دنیای حاضر، دوری انسان‌ها از محیط‌های طبیعی و همچنین شهر‌نشینی باعث مشکلات فراوانی برای ساکنین شهرها شده به طوری که در طراحی‌های نوین مجتمع‌ها سعی بر آن است که از الگوهای معماری دوستدار طبیعت مانند معماری بیوفیلیک استفاده شود تا بتوان فضای زندگی را مطلوب تر نمود. در این پژوهش هدف اصلی ارتقا تاب‌آوری مجتمع‌های مسکونی با استفاده از الگوهای معماری بیوفیلیک می‌باشد. روش این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است که از طریق مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، شاخص‌های مربوط به این نوع تاب‌آوری استخراج و توسط اساتید و تیم خبرگان اعتبار سنجی شد و از طریق پرسشنامه از ساکنین و کسبه مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد، مهمترین مولفه‌های تاثیر‌گذار در تاب‌آوری کالبدی –محیطی شامل، «فضاهای باز»، «زمین- بستر و تراکم»، «دسترسی»، «فضاهای سبز»، «امکانات و ساختمان‌ها»، «تناسب کاربری‌ها» و «آسایش حرارتی» می‌باشند. نتایج حاصل از پرسشنامه‌ها با تحلیل پایتون مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و در نتیجه الگوهای طراحی بیوفیلیک و راه حل‌هایی که این رویکرد، مواردی همچون استفاده از فضای سبز، آب، تعادل حرارتی، اصلاح شرایط اقلیمی، توجه به نقش گیاه و طبیعت در ساختمان‌ها و ... جهت بهبود وضع موجود تاب‌آوری کالبدی- محیطی در مجتمع مسکونی برج بین‌المللی تهران پیشنهاد گردید.
The Effect of Biophilic Architecture on Physical-Environmental
Resilience of Residential Complexes Case Example:
Tehran International Residential Tower
Negin Sadat Moghadasi*
Marjan Khanmohamadi**
Hamidreza Saremi***,
Mahdi Haghighatbin****
In the new designs of the complexes, an attempt is made to use nature-friendly architectural patterns such as biophilic architecture in order to make the living space more desirable. In this research, the main goal is to improve the resilience of residential complexes using biophilic architectural patterns. The method of this research is a descriptive-analytical type, which was assessed through a questionnaire from residents and businesses. The findings show that the most important influencing components in physical-environmental resilience include "open spaces", "land-substrate and density", "access", "green spaces", "facilities and buildings", "property of uses". and "thermal comfort".The results of the questionnaires were analyzed with Python analysis, and as a result, biophilic design patterns and solutions that this approach, such as the use of green space, water, thermal balance, modification of climatic conditions, paying attention to the role of plants and nature in buildings and so on. .. was suggested.
Keywords: physical-environmental resilience, residential tower, biophilic architecture, Tehran International Tower.
Introduction
The close relationship between man and nature is inevitable in the field of human life. The more man's control over nature has increased, this connection has become weaker; So that in today's world, many mental and psychological problems of humans are caused by this separation. Architects and designers of the modern era have made this relationship less by building environments far from nature. The problem of being away from nature can be seen in the current buildings of Tehran. Although these buildings were built at different times and with different motivations and in different patterns, but according to the economic, political and social conditions governing the society and the housing sector, they do not necessarily have all the criteria for creating a desirable residential environment (Azizi and Mohammadnejad, 2016). In traditional architecture, the building can be covered with plants to create a green building, but in biophilic architecture, such a thing cannot happen, in this architecture, the form (shape) must interpret a large process and have many objective and subjective parameters.
"14 Biophilic Design Patterns", proposes the relationships between nature, human biology and environmental design in such a way that biophilic human benefits are experienced in design applications. (Browning, Hon. AIA, 2014: 3). This research, with the aim of promoting biophilic resilience in residential complexes in Tehran, examines and studies the resilience index in the example of Tehran Tower residential complex based on the opinions of residents and based on biophilic architecture, and raises the following main question:
-How can the physical-environmental resilience of Tehran Tower residential complex be strengthened by using the principles and elements of biophilic architecture?
And other questions are as follows:
- What is the current level of resilience of Tehran Tower residential complex?
- What are the suggested models of biophilic architecture in strengthening physical-environmental resilience?
Research Methodology
The approach of this research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of method and nature. The methods of data collection at the macro level are through reference to scientific documents and texts. At the micro level, the method of experimental collection is the survey with questionnaire tools and mental maps of citizens and the collection of physical-environmental characteristics of the residential complex under study by trained researchers and observers. be The results of the questionnaire are determined by examining the results with existing theoretical foundations and Python analysis of the obtained data.
findings
By analyzing the results obtained from the questionnaires, it can be stated in Table 4:
Table 4: Physical-environmental resilience indicators
in the residential tower of Tehran Tower
|
Physical-environmental resilience indicators |
Response percentage |
Check the answers |
|
The state of the spaces (green space/open space) |
The desirability of the spaces is 52.31% (high) / 34.62% (moderate) Favorability according to the year of construction 43.08% (high) |
Examining the answers shows that the desirability of the space has a direct and meaningful relationship with the continuation of residence, interest in residence and participation in meetings in this place. Also, in relation to the level of security and participation in meetings, it makes the spaces desirable, but it is average. - In relation to public spaces, such as green space, interior spaces, the entrance of the towers, all are in an average and favorable condition. |
|
Incompatible uses |
Service centers 55.38% (moderate) / health and treatment centers 50.77% (high) Educational centers 56.15% (average) / uses inside the complex 52.31% (average) |
The answers show that the number of service uses in this complex is very low and according to the amount of residents of this tower, its uses are inconsistent. - The uses that exist in the complex have been able to respond to the needs of the residents of the complex to an average extent, the variety of these uses is very small and it meets a part of the basic needs. - The amount of variety of uses is very small considering the number of units in this complex. |
|
Ground and density |
Built density 47.69% (low) |
- The density built around the building is medium and low, and the entrance of the towers is in such a way that the density and the entrances are favorable; Because the area is completely private. The area intended for this complex is such that it provides enough space for the residents of the complex. - The streets around the complex have very low density in terms of density. |
|
Building resistance |
The desirability of the spaces is 52.31% (high) / 34.62% (moderate) Favorability according to the year of construction 43.08% (high) |
- Regarding the resistance of the building, it can depend on many factors, one of them is related to the equipment and their up-to-dateness. - The sense of security in this complex is very high, and the presence of security and control system has caused the amount of crime in this part to be insignificant, but due to the traffic of people in the areas of the towers, sometimes the security of the complex is in trouble. |
|
access |
Access ways to parking lots 44.62% (a lot)/ Escape ways 57.69% (a lot) Access to police force and fire brigade 60% (average) / access to park and green space 53.08% (average) |
- Due to its location next to the main highway of Hakim, Kurdistan and near the Hemet highway, this complex makes it easy to access other parts of the city. For this reason, the level of access is shown in the answers at a high level and is directly related to the desirability. -According to the answers received, the access to the parking lots of this complex is also desirable and the escape routes are also average. The degree of correlation between access to parking and escape routes and utility is appropriate. |
|
ownership |
The desirability of the spaces is 52.31% (high) / 34.62% (moderate) Favorability according to the year of construction 43.08% (high) |
- Most of the people living in this complex are owners and a small percentage are tenants. People who live in this complex have a moderate desire to move. - By examining the answers, it shows that people have a direct relationship with the desirability of the space and the feeling of living and continuing it. |
|
Facilities and facilities |
Equipment and infrastructure 48.46% (too much) |
- The facilities and facilities of these towers were repaired and modified since the year of construction, and the facilities and repairs unit located in this tower made them solve their facility problems in the shortest possible time. According to the answers given, the equipment and infrastructure are at an optimal level. - In the correlation diagram, there is a high correlation between up-to-date facilities and equipment and equipment for the disabled, and it shows the level of satisfaction of the residents. - There is a normal relationship between the up-to-dateness of the equipment and the interest of the residents to continue living, which indicates that it causes the satisfaction of the residents. |
Using Python analysis, the questionnaire data and the slope of the obtained line as well as their coefficients, we can draw the final form of the regression, and the black dots that are located in the upper part of the blue surface are weak points in resilience and indicate that this complex has low resilience.
Conclusion
The proposed patterns based on biophilic architecture to increase the resilience of this tower are as follows:
1. Open space: improving the use of plants and green spaces in complexes (in entrance spaces, play spaces, common spaces) / designing a green roof for the use of residents / using seasonal plants to show the changes of the seasons.
2. Green space: improving the use of plants and green space in complexes (in entrance spaces, play spaces, common spaces) / designing green roofs for the use of residents / using seasonal plants to show the changes of seasons / using green walls in interior decoration, Such as the entrance of houses, the entrance spaces of elevators, lobby, etc. / Using water and aromatic plants on the terrace / Using water in different spaces next to the plants and creating the sound of water / Using pots and houseplants on the terraces.
3. Appropriation of uses: the access to service centers, healthcare and educational centers is about 50%. The uses inside the complex are also desirable, the variety of uses is high.
4. Thermal comfort: use of natural ventilation using water and plants / use of natural light in the design of units / temperature and thermal balance / presence of green spaces for air conditioning and reducing air temperature / use of large and opening windows for better ventilation of units / The presence of water to touch and hear creates a feeling of relaxation / Creating suitable canopies to regulate the presence of light
5. Land-substrate-density: geographical relationship with place/historical relationship with place/ecological relationship with place/native materials
6. Facilities and buildings: use of natural patterns in construction / use of natural materials / attention to air conditioning and thermal comfort / use of native and organic forms
7. Access: creating a green access road to the parking lots/ easy access to the main roads In the end, it can be stated that with the biophilic architecture models presented to improve resilience and the final model of biophilic architecture models proposed to improve physical-environmental resilience (Figure 4) which was mentioned in the findings section, the level of resilience in residential complexes such as Tehran Tower can be increase and improve interest in living in them. These patterns can be used in the design of other residential complexes to achieve resilient residential complexes.
References
Esfandiari Sedek, Razieh, Karimi, Mehrdad, Daneshgar Moghadam, Golrokh, )1395(, evaluation of collective feeling in residential complexes (case study: Saeedieh residential complex, Tehran, Hoyt Shahr magazine, number twenty-seven, year 10, autumn 1395, pp. 41-52.
Bitraf, Ehsan, Habib, Farah, Zabihi, Hossein (2017) Localization of ecological and biophilic architectural principles in the design of residential complexes in Iran in order to improve their quality, Shahri Management Journal, No. 52, Autumn 2017, pp. 205-218 .
Ainifar, Alireza, Ghazizadeh, Seyedah Neda (2009) Typology of residential complex in Tehran with open space criteria, Armanshahr theory, number 5, year 2009, pp. 35-45.
Browning, Hon. AIAWilliam & Et al. (2014), 14. patterns of biophiliC design Improving Health And Well-Being In The Built environment, Terrapin Bright Green LLC, New York NY | Washington DC.
Browning WD, Ryan CO, Clancy JO (2014) 14 Patterns of biophilic design. New York: Terrapin Bright Green LLC.
Kellert, Stephen R. & [others]. (2008), Biophilic Design: The theory, Science, and practice of Bringing Building.
* PhD Student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
** Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
Khanmohamadi.marjan@kiau.ac.ir
*** Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning and Urban Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Saremi@modares.ac.ir
**** Associate professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Haghighatbin@modares.ac.ir
اسفندیاری صدق، راضیه و مهرداد کریمی مشاور و گلرخ دانشگر مقدم (1395) ارزیابی احساس جمعی در مجتمع‌های مسکونی (مطالعه موردی: مجموعه مسکونی سعیدیه تهران، نشریه هویت شهر، شماره بیست و هفتم، سال دهم، پاییز 1395، صص 41- 52.
بیطرف، احسان و فرح حبیب و حسین ذبیحی (1397) بومی سازی اصول معماری اکولوژیک و بیوفیلیک در طراحی مجتمع‌های مسکونی ایران در راستای ارتقا کیفیت آنها، نشریه مدیریت شهری، شماره 52، پاییز 1397، صص 205- 218.
دیده بان، محمد و اکبر زند (1395) ارزیابی میزان اثرگذاری فضاهای عمومی ساختمان‌های بلند مسکونی بر ارتقا تعاملات اجتماعی و حس همسایگی ساکنین (نمونه موردی: برج بین‌المللی تهران)، همایش بین‌المللی معماری و شهرسازی هویت گرا، آذر ماه 1395.
ذبیحی، حسین و فرح حبیب و کمال رهبری منش (1390) بررسی رابطه بین میزان رضایت از مجتمع مسکونی و تاثیر مجتمع‌های مسکونی بر روابط انسان (مطالعه موردی چند مجتمع مسکونی در تهران)، مجله هویت شهر، دوره 5، شماره 8، صص 103.
رازقی، علیرضا و نجلا درخشان (1396) تاب‌آوری کالبدی و عملکردی در بازار تاریخی تهران، دو فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی مرمت و معماری ایران، سال هفتم، شماره سیزدهم، بهار و تابستان.
رضایی، محمدرضا و محمدحسین سرائی و امیر بسطامی نیا (1395) تبیین و تحلیل مفهوم تاب‌آوری و شاخص‌ها و چارچوب‌های آن در سوانح طبیعی، فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، دورۀ ششم، شمارۀ اول، بهار.
عزیزی، محمدمهدی و صارم ملک محمدنژاد (1386) بررسی تطبیقی دو الگوی مجتمع‌های مسکومی (متعارف و بلندمرتبه)، مطالعه موردی: مجتمع‌های مسکونی نور (سئول) و اسکان تهران، نشریه هنرهای زیبا، شماره 32، زمستان ، صص27- 38.
عینی فر، علیرضا و سیده ندا قاضی زاده (1389) گونه شناسی مجتمع مسکونی تهران با معیار فضای باز، نظریه آرمان شهر، شماره 5، سال 1389، صص 35- 45.
عینی فر، علیرضا (1386) نقش قالب الگوهای عام اولیه در طراحی محله‌های مسکونی معاصر، نشریه هنرهای زیبا، زمستان 1386، شماره 32، صص 39- 50.
قاسمی، مریم و مسعود قرائی (1400) بررسی تاب‌آوری کالبدی مساکن پیراشهری در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی (مطالعه موردی:شهرک باهنر مشهد)، فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران، دورۀ یازدهم، شمارۀ اول، بهار.
قبادی، پریسا و سید علیرضا عالی (1396) ارتقا تاب‌آوری شهرها به کمک شهرسازی بیوفیلیک، نخستین کنفرانس ملی به شهرسازی و معماری دانش بنیان، اردیبهشت.
کشفی، محمدعلی و سیدباقر حسینی و سعید نوروزیان ملکی (1391) نقش فضاهای عمومی ساختمان‌های مسکونی بلندمرتبه در افزایش تعاملات اجتماعی ساکنین، پژوهش موردی: برج بین‌المللی تهران، نشریه مدیریت شهری، شمارۀ 30، پاییز و زمستان.
کریمی، فریبر (1397) بازشناسی جایگاه ساختمان‌های بلند در نسبت با پایداری اجتماعی، دو فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی اندیشۀ معماری، سال دوم، شمارۀ چهارم، پاییز و زمستان، صص 19-30.
لنگرنشین، ع.
همکاران (1398) سنجش شاخص‌ها و الگوهای اثرگذار در تاب‌آوری بافت‌های شهری (مطالعه موردی محلات تجریش، جنت‌آباد شمالی و فردوسی شهر تهران.
فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی نگرش‌های نو در جغرافیای انسانی، سال یازدهم، شماره 3.
مقدسی، نگین سادات و مرجان خان محمدی و حمیدرضا صارمی و مهدی حقیقت‌بین (1401) سنجش و بررسی تاب‌آوری کالبدی- محیطی و اجتماعی در مجتمع‌های مسکونی مطالعه موردی: کوی نوبنیاد (برج‌های asp)، نشریه گفتمان طراحی شهری، دوره 3، شماره 2، تابستان، صص 69- 96.
Browning, Hon. AIAWilliam & Et al. (2014) 14. patterns of biophiliC design Improving Health And Well- Being In The Built environment, Terrapin Bright Green LLC, New York NY | Washington DC.
Browning WD, Ryan CO, Clancy JO (2014) 14 Patterns of biophilic design. New York: Terrapin Bright Green LLC.
Folke, C. (2006).” Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social ecological systems analyses”, Global Environmental Change, 16. 3.
https://www.borjtehran.ir.
Kellert, Stephen R. & [others] (2008) Biophilic Design: The theory, Science, and practice of Bringing Building.
Minke G (2001) Inclined green roofs- ecological and economical advantages and passive heating and cooling effect. Plea 2001.
Peter, N.; Beatley, T.; Boyer, H. Resilient Cities: Responding to Peak Oil and Climate Change; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2008.
Pollack, J.S., 2006, Biophilic Design For The First Optimum Performance Home, Ultimate Home Design, Issue, July/August 2006.
Wilson EO (1984) Biophilia. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.