مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671A Critical Reading of the Islamic City and Architecture in the Thought of Seyyed Hossein Nasrخوانشی انتقادی از شهر و معماری اسلامی‌ در اندیشۀ «سید‌ حسین نصر»124faامیرارسلانمرادی سنگاچینیدانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه‌ریزی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0009-0009-7099-629xحمیدرضاصارمیدانشیار رشته شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3625-7268خاطرهمغانی رحیمیدانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-797x202589A Critical Reading of the Islamic City and Architecture in the Thought of Seyyed Hossein Nasr   Amir Arsalan Moradi Sangachini<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Hamid Reza Saremi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Khatreh Moghani Rahimi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   In the contemporary era, architecture and urbanism in the Islamic world face profound crises of meaning, identity, and spatial coherence under the influence of modernity. This study offers a critical reading of Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s thought to examine its theoretical potential for analyzing these challenges. Using qualitative critical content analysis, the research focuses on Chapters Thirteen and Fourteen of Islam in the Modern World. The findings reveal that Nasr conceptualizes Islamic architecture and the Islamic city through key notions such as unity (tawḥīd), sacredness, spatial flexibility, and the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature, while strongly criticizing modern architecture for its detachment from meaning and the sacred. At the same time, the analysis shows that Nasr’s framework remains largely philosophical and normative, offering limited engagement with contemporary social, economic, and institutional realities. The study concludes that Nasr’s thought provides a powerful critical framework whose relevance today depends on translating its concepts into analytical and practical criteria for contemporary urban design and policy.   Keywords: Islam in the Modern World; Seyyed Hossein Nasr; Islamic City; Islamic Architecture; Islamic Urbanism.   Introduction In the contemporary period, the Islamic world has faced multiple challenges resulting from its encounter with modernity, including cultural, social, environmental, and epistemological transformations. Modernity, characterized by instrumental rationality, secularism, individualism, and a rupture from sacred traditions, has reshaped human modes of existence and meaning. These transformations are clearly reflected in architecture and urbanism, where functionalism, economic logic, and technological determinism have contributed to spatial fragmentation, loss of identity, and the erosion of symbolic and spiritual dimensions of the built environment. As material expressions of worldview, architecture and the city have become central arenas in which tensions between tradition and modernity are manifested. In response to this condition, several Muslim thinkers have critically reassessed modernity through a renewed engagement with Islamic intellectual and spiritual traditions. Among them, Seyyed Hossein Nasr occupies a distinctive position. Drawing on Islamic philosophy and metaphysics, Nasr develops a comprehensive critique of modern civilization and its desacralized conception of knowledge, nature, and art. In Islam in the Modern World, he argues that Islamic architecture is not merely functional or aesthetic, but a concrete expression of a sacred cosmology rooted in tawhid, reflecting unity, harmony, and metaphysical order. From Nasr’s perspective, the Islamic city embodies a unified worldview in which work, worship, education, family life, and nature are integrated into a meaningful whole. Urban space is therefore not simply a setting for material life, but a medium for spiritual formation and the manifestation of sacred order. Despite the importance of this perspective, Nasr’s ideas are often treated descriptively or idealistically in architectural discourse rather than critically examined as an analytical framework for contemporary urban issues. This study addresses this gap by exploring how Nasr’s key concepts, particularly unity, meaning, and the human–environment relationship, can inform a critical analysis of modern architecture and urbanism in the Islamic world.   Methodology This study adopts a qualitative research design aimed at critically examining Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s ideas on Islamic architecture and the Islamic city and assessing their analytical relevance for contemporary architectural and urban debates. Given the theoretical nature of the research and its focus on philosophical texts, the study employs qualitative critical content analysis as its main methodological approach. This method allows for the systematic extraction, interpretation, and evaluation of key concepts embedded in complex theoretical texts, while also identifying both their conceptual strengths and limitations. The primary source of analysis is the book Islam in the Modern World by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. The research focuses specifically on Chapters Thirteen and Fourteen, as these chapters directly address issues related to Islamic architecture, the Islamic city, the relationship between human beings and the built environment, and critiques of modern architecture and urbanism. The selection of these chapters was informed by a review of existing literature, which indicated that they have rarely been examined independently and analytically within architectural and urban studies. To enhance the credibility and consistency of the analysis, the coding process involved continuous comparison between extracted concepts and the original text. Conceptual extraction continued until theoretical saturation was reached and no new significant themes emerged. In addition, selected interpretations were reviewed by a researcher familiar with Islamic philosophy and qualitative research methods in order to ensure coherence and fidelity to the original text. This methodological framework enabled a structured and critical engagement with Nasr’s thought while maintaining analytical rigor.   Findings The findings indicate that Nasr understands the relationship between human beings and the built environment as deeply symbolic and reflective. He argues that the external spatial environment mirrors the internal spiritual and intellectual condition of human beings, and that the visual disorder and loss of beauty in contemporary cities of the Islamic world reflect deeper epistemological and moral crises. This perspective offers a strong critique of modern urbanism by linking spatial fragmentation and aesthetic degradation to the loss of sacred meaning. However, the analysis shows that Nasr largely presents this relationship as one-directional, from the inner state of the human being to the external form of space. The active role of architectural space in shaping human behavior, perception, and spiritual experience is not fully developed within his theoretical framework. Another key finding concerns Nasr’s emphasis on unity and tawhid as the foundational principles of Islamic architecture and the Islamic city. Unity, in his view, is not merely a theological doctrine but the metaphysical basis of all Islamic arts. In architecture, it is expressed through coherence and harmony among spatial elements, the integration of major urban institutions such as the mosque, market, school, and home, and the close relationship between the city and nature. While this articulation provides a compelling philosophical vision, the findings suggest that Nasr’s discussion remains primarily symbolic and formal. He devotes limited attention to the social, economic, and institutional mechanisms that shape urban space in contemporary contexts and often undermine the realization of such unity. Finally, the findings demonstrate that Nasr locates the root of architectural and urban crises in the secularization of knowledge and the loss of sacred science. He argues that in traditional Islamic civilization, disciplines such as geometry and mathematics were inseparable from metaphysical meaning and served as means of manifesting divine order in space. In contrast, modern architecture reduces form and material to purely functional and economic categories. Although this diagnosis offers a profound philosophical critique, the analysis shows that Nasr provides limited engagement with the potential for reinterpreting contemporary science and technology within a meaningful architectural framework. Overall, the findings indicate that Nasr’s thought offers a rich philosophical critique of modern architecture and urbanism grounded in unity, sacredness, and meaning. Its contemporary relevance, however, depends on translating these concepts into analytical and practical frameworks capable of addressing the social, economic, and institutional realities of modern cities.   Conclusion This study has critically examined Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s reflections on Islamic architecture and the Islamic city through an in-depth analysis of Chapters Thirteen and Fourteen of Islam in the Modern World. The findings demonstrate that Nasr offers a coherent philosophical framework for understanding architecture and urban space as expressions of a sacred worldview rooted in unity, meaning, and metaphysical order. By emphasizing concepts such as tawhid, sacredness, spatial flexibility, and the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature, Nasr provides a powerful critique of modern architecture and urbanism, which he views as products of a desacralized and fragmented conception of reality. At the same time, the critical analysis reveals important limitations in Nasr’s theoretical approach. His interpretation of the human–environment relationship is largely unidirectional, portraying the built environment primarily as a reflection of human spiritual and intellectual conditions. This perspective underestimates the formative and educative role of architectural space in shaping human behavior, perception, and ethical sensibilities. Overall, this research concludes that Nasr’s thought should be understood less as an operational model for urban design and more as a critical and normative framework that exposes the deeper epistemological and ethical dimensions of architectural crises. The contemporary relevance of his ideas depends on their reinterpretation and translation into analytical tools and design principles capable of engaging with present-day social and institutional contexts. Such a translation would allow Islamic architecture to move beyond symbolic revivalism toward a meaningful and context-sensitive engagement with the challenges of modern urban life.   References De Paris, S. R., & Lopes, C. N. L. (2018) Housing flexibility problem: Review of recent limitations and solutions. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(1), 80–91. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.11.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2017.11.004</a> Esmaili, H. (2017) A review on political thoughts of Seyyed Hossein Nasr from the past to the present.Historical Studies, 14(55), 11. <a href="http://www.magiran.com/p1739207">http://www.magiran.com/p1739207</a> [In Persian] Farshchian, A., & Shajari, M. (2017)A critical evaluation of Seyyed Hossein Nasr’s view on the essential characteristics of Islamic architecture. Contemporary Wisdom, 8(3), 91–110. <a href="https://doi.org/10.30465/cw.2017.2878">https://doi.org/10.30465/cw.2017.2878</a> [In Persian] Farsi Astaneh, N., Haghighatbin, M., & Rahbarnia, Z. (2022) The impact of human and environmental components on the occurrence of interaction in the landscape. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 14(61), 76–89. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2022.325091.2177">https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2022.325091.2177</a> [In Persian] Ghasemi, E., Khatami, S. M., Motia, M., & Pourjafar, M. (2024) Recognizing dimensions and characteristics of spiritual urban space. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 16(45), 73–93. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2022.343355.2670">https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2022.343355.2670</a> [In Persian] Ghanei, R., & Hosseini, S. H. (2015) Challenges of modern science from the perspective of Dr. Nasr. Philosophy of Science, 5(9), 101–112. <a href="https://journals.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1730.html">https://journals.ihcs.ac.ir/article_1730.html</a> [In Persian] Harvey, D. (1978) The urban process under capitalism: A framework for analysis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2(1–3), 101–131. Nasr, S. H. (2001) Eslam dar asr-e motejadded (A. Aram, Trans.). Tehran: Tarh-e No. [In Persian] Nasr, S. H. (2004) Ensan va tabiat: Bohran-e manavi-ye ensan-e motajadded (A. Gowahi, Trans.). Tehran: Daftar-e Nashr-e Farhang-e Eslami. [In Persian] Nasr, S. H. (2010) Honar va manavyyat-e Eslami (R. Qasemian, Trans.). Tehran: Moassese-ye Entesharat-e Ḥekmat. [In Persian] Olfati, A., Zamani, S. S., & Mousavimoghadam, S. R. (2022) A study of the sacred arts of architecture and poetry in the Yarsan religion based on the ideas of Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Traditionalists. Journal of Kurdish Literature, 7(2), 71–90. <a href="https://doi.org/10.34785/J013.2022.836">https://doi.org/10.34785/J013.2022.836</a> [In Persian] Pourjafar, M. R., Pourjafar, A., &Safdari, S. (2015) Various types of Islamic city and pointing out to defining the major aspects of ideal Islamic city. Journal of Researches in Islamic Architecture, 3(3(8)), 20–21. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/409703/en">https://sid.ir/paper/409703/en</a> [In Persian]       <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* </a>M.A Student in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. a.moradisangachini@modares.ac.ir                http://orcid.org/0009-0009-7099-629x <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:saremi@modares.ac.ir">saremi@modares.ac.ir</a> http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3625-7268 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Ph.D. Student, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. k.moghanirahimi@modares.ac.ir http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1791-797xدر دوران معاصر، جهان اسلام با چالش&zwnj;های گوناگونی روبه&zwnj;رو بوده که از مهم&zwnj;ترین آنها می&zwnj;توان به مواجهه با مدرنیته و پیامدهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی، زیست&zwnj;محیطی و معرفتی آن اشاره کرد. این پژوهش با هدف بازخوانی انتقادی اندیشه «سید حسین نصر»، به بررسی ظرفیت&zwnj;های نظری دیدگاه او برای فهم و نقد این بحران&zwnj;ها می&zwnj;پردازد. روش تحقیق، مبتنی بر تحلیل محتوای کیفی انتقادی و هرمنوتیک متون اندیشه&zwnj;محور است و فصل&zwnj;های سیزدهم و چهاردهم کتاب «اسلام در عصر متجدد» به&zwnj; عنوان متن اصلی تحلیل شدهاند. یافته&zwnj;ها نشان می&zwnj;دهد که نصر، معماری و شهر اسلامی را بر مفاهیمی چون توحید، وحدت، قدسیّت، انعطاف&zwnj;پذیری فضایی و پیوند انسان و طبیعت بنا می&zwnj;نهد و معماری مدرن را به&zwnj; دلیل گسست از معنا و نظم قدسی نقد می&zwnj;کند. نتیجه&zwnj;گیری پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد که اندیشه نصر واجد ظرفیت&zwnj;های تحلیلی ارزشمند برای نقد شهر معاصر است، اما تحقق آن مستلزم ترجمه مفاهیم نظری به معیارهای عملی است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671Analysis of the Visual Intertwining of Decorations in the Prayer Hall Under the Main Dome of Hakim Mosque with Emphasis on Dadoesدرهم‌تنیدگی سازمان‌یافته بصری تزیینات ازاره‌ها و زیرگنبد شبستان اصلی مسجد ‌حکیم با تأکید بر هندسه نااقلیدسی2544fa کیهانه رئیسیدانشجوی دکتری پژوهش هنر، دانشکده پژوهش های عالی هنر، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان. اصفهان. ایران http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7485-4716ایمانزکریایی کرمانیدانشیار گروه فرش، دانشکده صنایع دستی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-7811جلیل جوکار مربی دانشکده صنایع دستی دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.http://orcid.org/0009-0004-2995-1050صمد نجارپور دانشیار، گروه کتابت و نگارگری، دانشکده صنایع دستی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0009-0001-6213-9580202522Organized Visual Entanglement of the Ornamentation of the Dadoes and the Main Prayer Hall’s Dome Underside in the Hakim Mosque, with an Emphasis on Non-Euclidean Geometry<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a> Keyhane Raeisi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"></a>*  Iman Zakariaee Kermani<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">**</a>  Jalil Jokar<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">***</a> Samad Najarpour Jabari<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">****</a>   The criterion of entanglement in architectural ornamentation, particularly in geometric forms, enhances the richness of user experience and creates multiple semantic layers within a space by stimulating visual perception and improving the visual quality of the building. Entanglement helps ornamentation present valuable information more effectively to the audience. This criterion is examined in the Hakim Mosque of Isfahan, a Safavid masterpiece characterized by rich ornamentation and diverse dadoes. Accordingly, this research aims to analyze the visual entanglements of the ornamentation in the main dome’s underside prayer hall (shabestan) and seeks to answer the primary question: What role does the visual entanglement of the ornamentation in the main dome’s underside prayer hall of the Hakim Mosque play in the legibility of the architecture and spatial functionality? This research is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. The data collection methods include library, internet, and field research. Data analysis is conducted using fractal geometry and software. After analyzing the entanglement of patterns in the dadoes of the main dome’s underside prayer hall, it was concluded that these patterns exhibit a relatively high degree of entanglement compared to the dadoes of adjacent subsidiary prayer halls. Moreover, this degree of entanglement is consistent with the entanglement of the main dome’s underside ornamentation. Consequently, this feature distinguishes the main prayer hall, adds to its grandeur, and attracts more audience attention than adjacent prayer halls. Additionally, due to their organized fractal characteristics (self-similarity) and informational quality, these patterns establish a connection between the audience and the forms and surfaces, thereby improving spatial functionality.   Keywords: Entanglement, Organized Structure, Fractal Dimension, Self-Similarity, Hakim Mosque.   Introduction Traditional architecture, by establishing a relationship between human and building, introduces ornamentation as an essential component of this relationship. The entanglement of ornamentation in historical buildings demonstrates the harmony between art, engineering, and the artisans’ skill, thereby contributing to a better understanding of space. Fractal geometry (which traditional artists have subconsciously derived from nature) provides a quantitative tool for analyzing this entanglement. The case study for this research is the Hakim Mosque of Isfahan, specifically the dadoes of the southern iwan and the main dome’s underside prayer hall. The primary objective is to analyze the role of visual entanglement of ornamentation in architectural legibility and spatial functionality. Research questions include “the exact type and degree of entanglement” and “its effects.” The significance and necessity of this research lie in analyzing entanglement, visual richness, and the characteristics of geometric patterns in traditional Iranian architectural ornamentation from the perspective of non-Euclidean geometry to better understand these patterns, their perceptual effects on the audience, and to explore hidden semantic layers and the intellectual roots of traditional artists—a fundamental issue in interdisciplinary studies of art and architecture. Studies of traditional examples within common approaches are often based on technical, semiotic, or aesthetic concepts, with less attention paid to methodologies related to hidden geometry, especially non-Euclidean geometries. Given that living in an entangled (complex and fractal-like) world requires possessing quantitative and structured tools for measuring this entanglement, applying fractal geometry as one of the quantitative analysis methods plays a significant role in understanding the visual systems governing traditional ornamentation. The methodology based on fractal geometry, while providing a theoretical and practical gateway for researchers in the field of art (especially in architectural studies), can also prove effective in contemporary modernist designs by maintaining continuity with authentic traditions, paving the way for integrated approaches between historical authenticity and innovation.   Research Methodology This research is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. Data collection methods include library, internet, and field research, and software was used for data analysis. The selected samples are initially analyzed to identify the type of entangled pattern using the principles of fractal geometry (self-similarity). Subsequently, their fractal dimension is calculated using the box-counting method via Fractalyse software to quantify the degree of entanglement. This involves linearizing the patterns using AutoCAD to examine their self-similarity. The patterns are then converted into shapefiles using ArcMap software and imported as vector files into Fractalyse, where the fractal dimension is computed using the box-counting method and logarithmic formula. Before calculating the dimension in the software settings, the maximum and minimum sizes must be entered, which depend on the image dimensions. The minimum size is typically set to 1, ensuring fine details are included in the analysis. The maximum value is approximately 1/3 to 1/4 of the longest side (length or width) of the input image . In this method, a grid of boxes is overlaid on the image, the number of boxes along the grid is counted (1/s), and the number of boxes covering the image (N(s)) is also counted. The fractal dimension (Db) is calculated as follows (Bovill, 1996: 41-42): Db = (log(N(S₂)) - log(N(S₁))) / (log(1/S₂) - log(1/S₁)) In the next step, the box size is halved, doubling the number of boxes along the grid, and the boxes covering the image are counted again. The placement of the grid and the calculation of the dimension are performed automatically by the software. Sample calculations are provided in . Since fractal dimension calculation is a gradual process, for greater accuracy, the box size must be progressively reduced to approximately fit the pattern. The software continues this process down to the smallest box size that fits the pattern. In this research, four stages of this process are illustrated. A scatter plot with coordinates Log(N) and Log(1/S) is generated, and a straight line is fitted to the points using the software. The slope of this line equals the exact fractal dimension.In the manual box-counting method using the formula over four stages, three different dimension values are obtained. Based on the Log(1/S) versus Log(N) plot generated by the software, the slope of the line between points that have the least deviation from linearity is calculated. This value will be the closest to the fractal dimension (manual calculation may involve minor errors due to rounding compared to software calculation). This method is called differential box-counting (Ansari & Pandey, 2020:1473). The dimension calculation for all samples is performed using this method. The fractal dimension is a number between 1 (a straight line) and 2 (a fully filled two-dimensional plane). A pattern with a dimension midway between a line and a surface, i.e., a fractal dimension of 1.5, is termed a (mid-range) fractal. The more complex the fractal, the closer its dimension approaches 2; the less complex, the closer it approaches 1 (Salingaros, 2022: 189).   Discussion and Conclusion Entangled ornamentation plays a significant role in the quality of architectural space, the most important of which is the enhancement of qualitative attributes. Moreover, it bestows identity upon the space. With the emergence of ornamentation, many qualitative attributes of space—such as artistic quality, imagination, entanglement, and variety are elevated. Therefore, the degree and type of entanglement must be carefully examined. Entanglement introduces ambiguity into ornamentation; the greater this ambiguity, the higher the capacity for imagination and wonder evoked in the audience. The use of fractal patterns as organized entangled structures can create harmonious yet engaging spaces for the audience. Based on the analyses conducted on the dadoes of the main dome’s underside prayer hall, the plotting of the entanglement diagram for the dadoes of the southeastern and southwestern prayer halls, and their comparison, the ornamentation of the dado and the dome underside of the main prayer hall possessing high entanglement attracts the audience and imparts grandeur and visual richness to that part of the building. On the other hand, due to the organized nature of the entanglement, this ornamentation neither confuses nor fatigues the audience and does not carry superfluous information. High organized entanglement endows the ornamentation with a distinct character. According to the figure, the degree of entanglement of the dadoes in the main dome’s underside prayer hall is higher than that of adjacent prayer halls. Consequently, it possesses a greater capacity to attract the audience and induce pause within that space; the audience subconsciously spends time exploring these entanglements and acquiring information. Furthermore, this higher entanglement compared to adjacent spaces indicates the important and primary function of this space relative to other spaces within the building. In effect, the main prayer hall is distinguished from its surrounding areas. Since the fractal dimension calculation has been performed on the linear patterns of the images, image quality does not affect the dimension value (because fractal dimension is directly influenced by lines, fractures, and edges). Image scales are directly related to the maximum and minimum input thresholds of the software and thus influence the research results. Therefore, efforts have been made to account for this factor, ensuring that the sizes of images input into the software are approximately uniform. Of course, the increasing or decreasing trend of the dimension is of primary interest in this research. Among the research limitations are potential errors inherent in the box-counting method, the absence of perceptual data, and the limited generalizability from a single historical case study. <table style="float: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="1">   </td> <td colspan="3" width="603"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="1">   </td> <td colspan="3" width="603"> The main prayer hall (shabestan) and subsidiary prayer halls </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="301"> </td> <td width="303"> </td> <td width="1">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="301"> Southwestern Prayer Hall Main Prayer Hall- -Southeastern Prayer Hall </td> <td width="303"> Southwestern Prayer Hall -Main Prayer Hall- Southeastern Prayer Hall </td> <td width="1">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="1"> </td> <td width="299"> </td> <td width="303"> </td> <td width="1"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Based on the analyses conducted on the entanglement of the dado ornamentation in the main dome’s underside prayer hall of the Hakim Mosque and the comparison of their degree of entanglement with adjacent prayer halls, it is concluded that the dadoes in this section possess a high degree of entanglement, and this degree is consistent with the entanglement of the ornamentation of the main dome’s underside. This high entanglement, in addition to demonstrating the harmony between ornamentation and building function and enhancing its visual richness, attracts the audience to this area as the main space of the iwan. Furthermore, due to the structural information resulting from the entanglement, it retains the audience within that space. On the other hand, because of the harmony between the dado and dome underside ornamentation and the organized nature of the entanglement of these decorations, it creates a sense of harmony with the architecture in the audience; living forms such as the human body constitute an organized fractal form. The human brain, responsible for information processing, itself possesses an organized entangled structure. Therefore, it effectively communicates with information similar to its own structure. Thus, entanglement, particularly in the form of fractal geometry, holds significant potential for transforming architecture both in terms of visual appeal and in promoting sustainable, user-friendly environments. This characteristic is abundantly found in Safavid architecture. Consequently, traditional architects, with sufficient skill and through the execution of robust, rich, and calculated ornamentation, have facilitated audience interaction with architectural spaces and, through ornamentation and the creation of entanglement within them, have clearly delineated spatial functions. The results and findings of this research help contemporary architects understand how to consciously employ organized entanglement not merely as a decorative element but as a tool for directing audience behavior (attraction, pause, and movement), replacing taste-based and arbitrary ornamentation with identity-based decoration.   References Alexander, C. (2004) The Nature of Order (Center for Environmental Structure, Berkeley, California). Ansari, F.A & Pandey, Y. (2020) Calculating Fractal Dimension of Gray scale and Color image by using DBC and RCC, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(7), 1467-1673. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5815/IJIGSP.2017.03.04">https://doi.org/10.5815/IJIGSP.2017.03.04</a> Ashraf Ganjavi, M. A., & Iranmanesh, M. (2023) Recognition of the Relationship between the Kushk and the Persian Garden from the Perspective of Fractal Geometry (Case Study: Kushks of Fathabad Garden in Kerman). Manzar Magazine, 16(67), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2024.425783.2265 Aswathy, RK & Mathew, S. (2016) On different forms of self-similarity, Journal of Chaos, Solitons & Fractals,87,102-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2016.03.021. Bahrini, S. H., & Foroughifar, M. (2016) Physical Integration of the Central Area of Shiraz: Presenting Urban Design Strategies to Enhance Physical Cohesion Based on Complexity Theory. Hoviate Shahr, 28(10), 5–18. Dor: 20.1001.1.17359562.1395.10.4.1.2. Bani Masoud, A. (2009) *Postmodernity and Architecture (A Study of Intellectual Currents in Contemporary Western Architecture 1960-2000)*. Isfahan: Khak Publications. Lesmoir-Gordon, N. (2010) The Colors of Infinity, The Beauty and power of fractals, Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-486-9 Losa G, Ristanović, D, Ristanović, D, Zaletel, I& Beltraminelli, S. (2016) From Fractal Geometry to Fractal Analysis, Applied Mathematics, 7(4),346-354. DOI: 10.4236/am.2016.74032 Salingaros, Nikos A. (2014) Complexity in Architecture and Design. Oz Journal, 36(1), 18-25. DOI: 10.4148/2378-5853.1527 Salingaros, N. A. (2008) A Theory of Architecture (S. Zarrinmehr & Z. Motaki, Trans.). Tehran: Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research Center. (Original work published 2006) Salingaros, N. A. (2022) The City from the Perspective of Fractal Geometry (M. Babaei, Trans., 2nd ed.). Tehran: Samin Publications. (Original work published 2005) Sharifi, T., & Soleymani, B. (2021) The Role of Design Thinking Between Mind and Complexity. Raypooye Visual Arts, 4(4), 48–75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/ra.2021.527575.1038">https://doi.org/10.22034/ra.2021.527575.1038</a> Vahdat T., M., Yaran, A., & Mohammadi Khoshbin, H. (2020) Evaluation of Visual Preferences in Residential Facades (Case Study: Twelve Historical Houses in Tabriz). Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(32), 175–187.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2019.150473.1692">https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2019.150473.1692</a>         <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a>. This article is based on the master's thesis of “Keyhane Reisi” titled " Analysis of Fractal Geometry System in The Maqeli Patterned Tiles of Hakim Mosque in Isfahan" supervised by Dr. “Iman Zakariaee” and Dr. “Jalil Jokar” and advised by Dr. “Samad Najarpour” witch was done at the faculty of Handicrafts, Isfahan University of Art. <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2"></a>* PhD Student in Art Research, Faculty of Advanced Art Research, Isfahan University of Art. Isfahan. Iran. k.raeisi@aui.ac.ir http://orcid.org/0009-0005-7485-4716 <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">**</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Carpet Department, Faculty of Handicrafts, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran. <a href="i.zakariaee@aui.ac.ir">i.zakariaee@aui.ac.ir</a> http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-7811 <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">***</a> Instructor, Faculty of Handicrafts, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran.  j.jokar@aui.ac.ir http://orcid.org/0009-0004-2995-1050 <a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">****</a> Associate Professor, Department of Calligraphy and Painting, Faculty of Handicrafts, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran. s.najarpoor@aui.ac.ir <a href="http://orcid.org/0009-0001-6213-9580">http://orcid.org/0009-0001-6213-9580</a>معیار در&zwnj;هم&zwnj;تنیدگی در تزیینات بنا بهویژه در فرم&zwnj;های هندسی با تحریک حس بصری و ارتقای کیفیت دیداری بنا باعث ارتقای غنای تجربه کاربران و ایجاد لایه&zwnj;های معنایی مختلف در فضا می&zwnj;شود. در&zwnj;هم&zwnj;تنیدگی به تزیینات کمک می&zwnj;کند تا اطلاعات واجد ارزش را به مخاطب، بهتر ارائه دهند. این معیار در مسجد حکیم اصفهان به عنوان یکی از شاهکار&zwnj;های صفوی که در بر&zwnj;دارنده غنای تزیینات و ازاره&zwnj;های متنوع است، بررسی می&zwnj;شود. از اینرو پژوهش با هدف تحلیل درهمتنیدگی&zwnj;های بصری تزیینات شبستان زیر&zwnj;گنبد اصلی مسجد، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش اصلی است که درهمتنیدگی بصری تزیینات شبستان زیرگنبد اصلی مسجد حکیم، چه نقشی در خوانایی معماری و عملکرد فضایی دارد؟ این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. روش داده&zwnj;اندوزی، کتابخانه&zwnj;ای، اینترنتی و میدانی است. تحلیل داده&zwnj;ها با کمک هندسه فرکتال و نرمافزار انجام می&zwnj;شود. پس از تحلیل درهم&zwnj;تنیدگی نقوش ازاره&zwnj;های شبستان اصلی زیر&zwnj;گنبد، این نتیجه حاصل شد که این نقوش، نسبت به ازاره&zwnj;های شبستان&zwnj;های فرعی مجاور، درهمتنیدگی نسبتاً بالایی دارد و این میزان درهم&zwnj;تنیدگی با درهم&zwnj;تنیدگی زیر&zwnj;گنبد اصلی نیز هماهنگ است. بنابراین این مورد باعث تمایز، شکوه و جذب مخاطب بیشتر این شبستان نسبت به شبستان&zwnj;های مجاور است. همچنین به دلیل داشتن ویژگی&zwnj;های فرکتالی (خود&zwnj;مانایی) از نوع سازمانیافته و دارای کیفیت اطلاعات، باعث برقراری ارتباط مخاطبان با فرم&zwnj;ها، سطوح و بهبود عملکرد فضایی می&zwnj;شوند.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671Measuring the Architectural Design Components of a Cultural-Artistic Hangout based on the Interaction of Female Artists and Citizens (Study Area: Women and Family Park in Dezful City)سنجش مؤلفه‌های طراحی معماری پاتوق فرهنگی- هنری بر اساس تعامل بانوان هنرمند و شهروندان (محدوده مورد مطالعه: پارک مخصوص بانوان و خانواده شهر دزفول)4560faمریمحربیاندانش‌آموخته کارشناسی¬ارشد، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی‌شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران https: //orcid.org/0009-0005-3398-8902کوروش مؤمنیدانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی‌شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایرانhttps: //orcid.org/0000-0002-6978-3571مائدهمقدمدانشجوی دکتری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی‌شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران https: //orcid.org/0009-0000-6545-04732025126Measuring the Architectural Design Components of a Cultural-Artistic Hangout based on the Interaction of Female Artists and Citizens (Study Area: Women and Family Park in Dezful City)   Maryam Harbiyan<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Kourosh Momeni <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>  Maede Moghadam <a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, social connections are one of the basic human needs, and if they are reduced, the health of society will be affected. One way to meet this human need is through communal spaces such as urban hangouts. Urban hangouts are important not only from an economic perspective but also from a cultural and social perspective. Today, there is a great need for such urban spaces and architectural structures that can meet the needs of today's people and become a lasting space that creates a sense of belonging and peace. On the other hand, for the activities of artists, especially in the field of handicrafts, the existence of a collective space for communication between artists and citizens is essential. In order to investigate the architectural components that affect the increase in social interactions, a study was conducted in the women's and family park in Dezful city. For this purpose, using descriptive-analytical and survey methods and distributing 278 targeted questionnaires, the attitudes of female artists and citizens of Dezful city about the architectural components of an effective cultural and artistic hangout to increase social interactions were collected. In this regard, the validity of the questionnaire designed by experts and university professors was confirmed and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 8/75. Then, it was analyzed using SPSS26 software and inferential statistics tests. The findings and results of this research indicate that the four priority components of climate, activity, culture, and physical play a prominent role in this matter. Also, the cultural component is more related to other components. How to establish a meaningful connection between the opinions of artists and citizens about architectural components that influence increasing social interactions is one of the most important results of this research.   Introduction In addition to interpersonal dynamics, the existence of social connections also leads to physical and mental health. (Shojai and Dolabi, 2015).Humans ensured their health through social participation and physical activity. (Jennings & Bamkole, 2019) But now, with the neglect of public spaces, disregard for social and cultural values, disregard for communication and walking routes(Narvaez & Griffiths, 2012), and the tendency towards a car-based life, urban spaces have lost their utility.( Asadpour and et al,2024)With the presence of people in urban spaces, the role of these spaces will become more prominent and their sociability will increase.( Shojaei and Partoi, 2015)A suitable cultural-artistic hangout that can respond to people's social desires and, with purposeful design, can move the audience through the space.( Kwon & Sailer, 2015) And create a space that, in addition to increasing communication, strengthens and preserves cultural and artistic works, can increase social interactions between artists and citizens. In this regard, the main question of the research is: What are the determinants of social interactions between female artists and citizens for prediction in the design of cultural-artistic hangouts?  Research Method The present study is formed from two major concepts of social interactions and urban public space called cultural-artistic hangout. Among the studies that moved in this direction, the following can be mentioned: In their study titled “Identifying unsafe public spaces in urban neighborhoods and redesigning them with an approach to improving environmental security,” Hamafar and Sasansara (2014) examined the conditions of neighborhoods and urban spaces, and as a result, identified the most harmful cases and provided solutions for improvement. Pourabedini et al. (2014) in their study titled “Analysis of the social logic governing the spatial structure of the historical-cultural context of the neighborhoods of Boshravieh in the Qajar period with a spatial syntax approach” state that the elements constituting the physical structure of the neighborhoods of Boshravieh in the Qajar period were formed in order to meet the needs of the neighborhood residents and to preserve and strengthen their cultural-social identity. Ramezani et al. (1403) in their study titled “Contexts and Factors Related to the Quality of Urban Life in District One Neighborhoods of Tehran: Application of a Multilevel Model” state that the feeling of social security has a significant relationship with the dependent variable, namely the quality of urban life. A study of the research background shows that paying attention to the design of spaces based on social interactions is a fundamental approach and is of interest to designers. However, it is still limited to a specific field or, in some cases, is a general survey without detailed statistical analysis. What is of interest in this research is a comprehensive survey and the provision of an appropriate and flexible model for the design of collective spaces. In this research, descriptive-analytical and survey methods have been used. The theoretical foundations of the research have been collected through library studies and reference to authoritative documents such as books and scientific journals, and through survey methods through questionnaires. A questionnaire with 53 questions was designed in four sections. The questionnaire was distributed in the women's and family park in Dezful city.Considering that about 1000 people visit this park daily, the sample size was considered to be 278 people according to the Cochran formula and Morgan table. Using the stratified probability sampling method, the sample population consisted of 40 artists, 6 professors from the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning visiting the park, and 232 citizens of Dezful. Also, interviews were conducted with female artists active in this park. The responses were analyzed in SPSS26 software with descriptive and inferential tests and by analyzing graphs and tables. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the professors and the reliability of the questionnaire was 8.75 according to Cronbach's alpha in SPSS software.   Results Table 1- Spearman correlation between components   <table style="float: left;" width="557"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="225"> Spearman correlation </td> <td width="69"> Physical component </td> <td width="83"> Climatic component </td> <td width="90"> Activity component </td> <td width="90"> Cultural component </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="91"> Physical component </td> <td width="134"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td rowspan="2" width="69">   </td> <td width="83"> 0/291 </td> <td width="90"> 0/508 </td> <td width="90"> 0/664 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="134"> Sig </td> <td width="83"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="91"> Climatic component </td> <td width="134"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td width="69"> 0/291 </td> <td rowspan="2" width="83">   </td> <td width="90"> 0/296 </td> <td width="90"> 0/338 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="134"> Sig </td> <td width="69"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="91"> Activity component </td> <td width="134"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td width="69"> 0/508 </td> <td width="83"> 0/296 </td> <td rowspan="2" width="90">   </td> <td width="90"> 0/552 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="134"> Sig </td> <td width="69"> 0/000 </td> <td width="83"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="91"> Cultural component </td> <td width="134"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td width="69"> 0/664 </td> <td width="83"> 0/338 </td> <td width="90"> 0/552 </td> <td rowspan="2" width="90">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="134"> Sig </td> <td width="69"> 0/000 </td> <td width="83"> 0/000 </td> <td width="90"> 0/000 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Table 2- Friedman test between components   <table style="float: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="119"> criterion </td> <td width="54"> rank </td> <td width="104"> Average </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="119"> Climatic component </td> <td width="54"> 1 </td> <td width="104"> 1/01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="119"> Activity component </td> <td width="54"> 2 </td> <td width="104"> 2/05 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="119"> Cultural component </td> <td width="54"> 3 </td> <td width="104"> 2/95 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="119"> Physical component </td> <td width="54"> 4 </td> <td width="104"> 4/00 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>        . <table style="float: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="261"> </td> <td width="18"> </td> <td width="88"> </td> <td width="143"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>                                                                                                                                                                            Figure 1 - Friedman test of the most significant sub-criteria     Table 3- Results of Spearman's correlation test (the most significant sub-criterion in the physical component)   <table style="float: left;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="104">   </td> <td width="104"> criterion </td> <td width="104"> artists </td> <td width="104"> Citizen </td> <td width="104"> women </td> <td width="104"> men </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" width="104"> Physical component </td> <td rowspan="2" width="104"> Body </td> <td width="104"> Pause space - semi-open space </td> <td width="104"> Quality of materials - geometric elements </td> <td width="104"> Pause space - semi-open space. </td> <td width="104"> Semi-open space - quality and type of materials </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/480 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/515 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/493 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/571 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="104"> Function </td> <td width="104"> Creative space - security. </td> <td width="104"> Flexibility - creative space </td> <td width="104"> Readability - green space </td> <td width="104"> Creative space - flexibility </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/567 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/450 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/401 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/540 </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="104"> Service </td> <td rowspan="2" width="104"> There is no connection </td> <td width="104"> Welfare service space - technology. </td> <td width="104"> Welfare service space - technology. </td> <td width="104"> Welfare service space - technology. </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/482 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/235 </td> <td width="104"> Correlation coefficient 0/629 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Discussion and Conclusion This research has come up with a proposed model for designing a cultural and artistic hangout based on the relationship between the artist and the citizens. Although this study was conducted in a specific location, given the nature of the research and the use of statistical analysis, it can be used as a model for designing cultural hangouts. Based on the research findings, the following suggestions are made: - Designing the space body in the form of a form with a central rule, combining open and semi-open spaces, and minimal use of completely closed spaces. - Using elements reminiscent of the city's identity and history, in the sample under study: a design reminiscent of the streets, using bricks. - Creating a mixed space of diverse uses to attract the audience to the main use center and instill a sense of security considering the key presence of women in the space. - Considering climatic conditions, in the sample under study: using tree filters and water atmosphere to improve conditions in hot seasons.   References Asadpour, Hajar; Ghale Noui, Mahmoud; Bahramian, Armin and Mohammadi, Mahmoud (2014) “Ranking the semantic-identity challenges of urban landscape in the Iranian urban planning system”, Iranian Scientific Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 15th year, No. 1, pp. 43-57.  <a href="https://www.magiran.com/p2782608">https://www.magiran.com/p2782608</a> Pour-Abedini, Saeideh; Taghavi, Abed and Hashemi-Zarjabad, Hassan. (1402) "Analysis of the social logic governing the spatial structure of the historical-cultural context of the neighborhoods of Boshroieh in the Qajar era with a spatial syntax approach", Iranian-Islamic City Studies, Year 13, Issue 48, pp. 71-87. DOI: <a href="https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2228639.1401.12.48.2.6">20.1001.1.2228639.1401.12.48.2.6</a> Ramezani, Hamid; Hatami, Ali; Moti Haghshenas, Nader and Tofangchi Mahyari, Milad. (1403) "Contexts and factors related to the quality of urban life in the neighborhoods of District One of Tehran: Application of a multilevel model", Iranian-Islamic Urban Studies, Year 14, Issue 53, pp. 39-58. <a href="https://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/42146">https://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/42146</a>. Shojaei, Sadat and Pouya Dolabi (2015) “Pathology of the Design Quality of Public Spaces in Cultural Center Architecture”, Second International Conference on Research in Engineering, Science and Technology, pp. 2-3. Hamafar, Zahra and Ali Seifi Sasansar (1402) "Identifying unsafe public spaces in urban neighborhoods and redesigning them with an approach to improving environmental security (Case study: Narmak, Sanglaj, Kargar Shomali and Bagh Shater neighborhoods in Tehran)", Economics and Urban Planning, Year 4, Issue 3, pp. 72-87. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.22034/uep.2023.389188.1360">10.22034/uep.2023.389188.1360</a>. Jennings, V.& Bamkole, O. (2019) The Relationship between Social Cohesion and Urban Green Space: An Avenue for Health Promotion, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16(3), pp 452. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030452. Kwon, S. & Sailer, K. (2015) Seeing & being seen insidea museum & a department store, A Comparison study in Visibility & Copresence Patterns. In Proceedings of the10th International Space Syntax Symposium, London. Narvaez, L. & Griffiths, S. (2012) Configurational Econ-omies,the Value of Accessibility in Urban Development, International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Man-agement, & Applied Sciences & Technologies, 3(3), pp 293–309.                 <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> M.A. of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planing, Jundi-shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. <a href="mailto:maryamharbian77@yahoo.com">maryamharbian77@yahoo.com</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3398-8902">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3398-8902</a> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. <a href="mailto:K_Momeni@jsu.ac.ir">K_Momeni@jsu.ac.ir</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6978-3571">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6978-3571</a> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Ph.D. student in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planing, Jundi-shapur University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. <a href="mailto:moghadam13673@yahoo.com">moghadam13673@yahoo.com</a> <a href="https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6545-0473">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6545-0473</a>ارتباطات اجتماعی طبق هرم مازلو، یکی از نیازهای اصلی انسان است. یکی از راههای برطرف کردن این نیاز انسانی، فضاهای جمعی همچون پاتوق&zwnj;های شهری است. امروزه جای خالی چنین فضاهای شهری که بتوانند در عین تأمین نیاز شهروندان امروز، تبدیل به فضایی ماندگار با ایجاد حس تعلق و آرامش شوند، بسیار احساس می&zwnj;شود. از طرفی دیگر، برای فعالیت هنرمندان به&zwnj;ویژه در حوزه صنایع دستی، وجود فضایی جمعی برای برقراری ارتباط بین هنرمندان و شهروندان، ضروری است. در راستای بررسی مؤلفههای معماری تأثیرگذار بر افزایش تعاملات اجتماعی، پژوهشی در پارک مخصوص بانوان و خانواده شهر دزفول انجام شد. بدین &zwnj;منظور با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و پیمایشی و توزیع 278 پرسشنامه هدفمند، نگرش بانوان هنرمند و شهروندان شهر دزفول درباره مؤلفههای معماری پاتوق فرهنگی هنری مؤثر برای افزایش تعاملات اجتماعی جمع&zwnj;آوری شد. روایی پرسشنامه را اساتید دانشگاهی تأیید کردند و پایایی پرسشنامه با ضریب 75/8 آلفای کرونباخ به &zwnj;دست آمد. سپس با استفاده از نرم&zwnj;افزار SPSS26 و آزمون&zwnj;های آمار استنباطی، تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج این تحقیق بیانگر آن است که به &zwnj;ترتیب اولویت، چهار مؤلفه اقلیمی، فعالیتی، فرهنگی و کالبدی در این امر، نقش پررنگی دارند. همچنین ارتباط مؤلفه فرهنگی با سایر مؤلفه&zwnj;ها بیشتر است. اشاره به مهم&zwnj;ترین مؤلفه&zwnj;های طراحی معماری پاتوق فرهنگی- هنری و رتبه&zwnj;بندی آنها، طراحی مشارکتی پاتوق فرهنگی- هنری بر اساس سنجش نیاز افراد ذی&zwnj;نفع، از مهم&zwnj;ترین نتایج این پژوهش است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671Investigating the Impact of Age-Friendly City Indicators on the Satisfaction Level of the Elderly in Iranian Cities (Case Study: Tehran)بررسی تأثیر شاخص‌های شهر دوستدار سالمند بر میزان رضایت سالمندان در شهرهای ایرانی (مطالعه موردی: تهران)6182faاکبرطالب پوردانشیار گروه علوم ‌اجتماعی، دانشکده ‌علوم اجتماعی و اقتصاد، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-6117محمدقاسمیاستادیار گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و منطقه‌ای، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی جهاددانشگاهی تهران، ایران http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9038-1537202616Investigating the Impact of Age-Friendly City Indicators on the Satisfaction Level of the Elderly in Iranian Cities (Case Study: Tehran)   Akbar Talebpour<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Mohammad Ghasemi Siani<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   The increase in the number of elderly people and the necessity of paying attention to the needs of old age have made it essential to plan cities based on their needs; to the extent that the World Health Organization has designated the current decade as the Decade of Healthy Ageing and has obligated countries to follow the rules of age-friendly cities. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of age-friendly city indicators on the satisfaction level of the elderly in Tehran using the theories of universal design (Ron Mace), behavior-oriented design (John Lang), public spaces (William Whyte), the right to the city (David Harvey), and spatial justice (Edward Soja). The statistical population of the study was the elderly residing in Tehran, from whom 400 individuals were selected as a statistical sample using the Cochran formula through random sampling, with an average age of 73 years. Data were collected through a 52-item questionnaire, 46 of which were related to the translation of the global age-friendly city indicators questionnaire, and its validity was confirmed through content validity and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha. Based on the research results, the mean of the independent variables and the dependent variable (except for the two variables of housing and respect and social inclusion) were below the average level. Analysis of the findings using multivariate regression analysis showed that age-friendly city criteria including housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, social support and health services, outdoor spaces and buildings, and transportation played an important role in the satisfaction level of the elderly, respectively. Furthermore, the research constructs, based on structural equation modeling, played a significant role in explaining the satisfaction of the elderly in Tehran.   Keywords: Tehran, Elderly, Age-Friendly City, Right to the City, Satisfaction.   Introduction The increase in the number of elderly people in recent years has been so significant that the World Health Organization has named the current decade, which coincides with the years 2021 to 2030, the "Decade of Healthy Ageing." It is expected that in the shadow of this new concept, the necessary conditions for independent and autonomous functioning in old age will be created, and quality of life will be added to the quantity of life. It is obvious that designing an age-friendly environment and city, which is one of the goals of this decade and has been pursued since September 2015, will lead to improved individual (physical, mental, and functional) and environmental (family and social) conditions, and consequently will provide the possibility of enjoying old age with greater well-being. The present study seeks to investigate the impact of age-friendly city indicators on the satisfaction of the elderly with urban life, with an emphasis on the city of Tehran, in order to, on the one hand, examine the status of the components of this indicator, and on the other hand, determine the extent and impact of each of these components on the overall satisfaction with the city among the elderly in Tehran. It is obvious that the level of satisfaction of the elderly with the status of age-friendly city indicators is one of the neglected points that has not been addressed so far, and given the rapid growth of aging, it should receive special attention so that those in charge of urban affairs, with sufficient knowledge of these issues, do not face unforeseen problems in this field in the not-too-distant future, and the city has sufficient potential in this regard. The advantage of the present study over previous studies lies, on the one hand, in examining the status and dimensions of age-friendly indicators of Tehran from the perspective of the elderly, which can serve as a guide and roadmap for those in charge to bring about a new transformation in urban policies towards addressing the needs of the elderly in the context of age-friendly city indicators in Tehran. On the other hand, by measuring the impact of the dimensions and components of the age-friendly city on the level of satisfaction with the city, we can precisely determine which dimensions and components, when enhanced, can increase the satisfaction of the elderly. This will also play a significant role in determining future priorities and guidelines for urban planning.   Methodology The research method of this study is descriptive, and in terms of data collection, it is of the survey type, and in terms of type, it falls under the category of applied research. The data collection method is survey-based. Since this article explains the impact of age-friendly city indicators on the satisfaction level of the elderly with life in the city of Tehran from the perspective of the elderly in Tehran, it is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach, the results of which can be applied to address existing needs and problems. Because a survey method was used in conducting the research, its results can be generalized to the entire statistical population of the elderly. In the present study, first, a library research method was used to collect the theoretical foundations related to the research topic, and to provide descriptive and inferential statistics, test the research hypotheses, and draw conclusions with an appropriate degree of confidence regarding the generalization of the results obtained from the statistical sample to the population, a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared, validated for content validity, and tested for reliability using a survey and field method at an appropriate time. It was then presented to the statistical sample individuals, and after explaining the subject to them, they were given the opportunity to respond to the questionnaire items within the specified time. Finally, the data obtained from this questionnaire were statistically analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, and the research hypotheses were tested. The statistical population of the present study is the elderly population aged 65 and over in the city of Tehran, which, according to the latest update (July 2025) by the Statistical Center of Iran, numbered 866,220 individuals. Based on the stratified sampling method, the sample size was calculated as 384 using the Cochran formula. However, to cover statistical errors, 400 questionnaires were distributed to these individuals as the statistical sample.   Findings The mean of the main research variables for all independent variables and the dependent variable (except for the two variables of housing and respect and social inclusion) were below the average level, which is a negative point. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction of the elderly with life in Tehran was also below the average level, and it is necessary for those in charge to take serious measures to increase these variables. The social analysis of the mean of these variables, which are considered the main criteria of an age-friendly city, indicates that Tehran is far from being an age-friendly city in almost all dimensions, and it is better to pay special attention in this regard. Considering religious and social teachings, special attention must be paid to the needs of the elderly. The prophetic hadith regarding the goodness and blessing of the elderly is precisely related to this issue and shows that the religion of Islam paid attention to this matter centuries before Western societies. According to the obtained results, the eight variables of housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, social support and health services, outdoor spaces and buildings, and transportation were entered into the research regression analysis model as independent variables. Based on the results of the regression analysis, the beta coefficients were as follows: housing (0.378), respect and social inclusion (0.361), social participation (0.311), social support and health services (0.272), communication and information (0.247), outdoor spaces and buildings (0.195), civic participation and employment (0.173), and transportation (0.054). Therefore, the eight variables of housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, social support and health services, outdoor spaces and buildings, and transportation play an important role in the satisfaction level of the elderly with the city. Overall, according to the regression model of the study and based on the adjusted coefficient of determination, these eight variables were able to explain 40% of the changes in the variable of the elderly's satisfaction with the city in the studied population. Therefore, seven research hypotheses were confirmed. However, the hypothesis regarding the impact of transportation on the satisfaction level of the elderly with the city of Tehran was not confirmed.   Conclusion Policy and urban planning gaps regarding the suitability of facilities, accessibility, and urban furniture for the needs of the elderly in Tehran render the elderly unable to meet their daily needs, and it is necessary for those in charge of urban affairs in Tehran to pay special attention to this matter. The present study was conducted to investigate the level of satisfaction of the elderly in Tehran with the status of age-friendly city indicators in this city. The results of the study showed that the mean of the independent variables housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion, civic participation and employment, communication and information, social support and health services, outdoor spaces and buildings, and transportation as well as the dependent variable of the level of satisfaction of the elderly with life in the city of Tehran, were low. This indicates a lack of attention to the components of age-friendly city indicators on the one hand, and a neglect of gaining the satisfaction of the elderly in this regard on the other. The overall results of the study regarding the low satisfaction of the elderly with age-friendly city indicators highlight the necessity of paying attention to various dimensions of livability in Tehran for the elderly and indicate the need to address these dimensions in this city. Given the rapid growth of aging, this issue must be given special attention. The research findings in this regard are consistent and aligned with the findings of Mousavi et al. (2025) in domestic studies and the findings of Segura Cardona et al. (2022) in international studies. Based on the results of this study, in order to increase attention to the elderly and enhance their level of satisfaction with life in the city of Tehran, the following suggestions, derived from the research findings, are presented to those in charge of urban administration in Tehran: <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>The need to pay attention to social support and appropriate healthcare services for the elderly,</li> <li>Utilizing the elderly in urban administration and considering their opinions and perspectives,</li> <li>Organizing city tours for the elderly,</li> <li>Improving the status of public transportation.</li> </ul>   Reference Fusaro, G., D’Alessandro, F., Baldinelli, G.،& Kang, J. (2018) Design of urban furniture to enhance the soundscape: A case study. 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Mohammadpour, Saber and Arman Hamidi, Yekta Lashkaryani Arefeh, Neda Morteza PourhandehKhaleh (2014) “Feasibility assessment of the implementation of the age-friendly neighborhood approach (case study: Bagherabad neighborhood of Rasht)”, Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas, Year 5, Issue 4, pp. 41-56. Mohammadpour, S., Hamidi, A., YektāLashkariyāni, A., &MortezāpourHendeh Khāleh, N. (2025) Feasibility of Realizing the Elderly-Friendly Neighborhood Approach (Case Study: Bāgherābād Neighborhood of the City of Rasht) Geographical Studies of Coastal Areas Journal، 5 (4) pp. 41-56. DOI: 10.22124/gscaj.2025.26209.1279. (In Persian). Mousavi, Mirnajaf and Nima Bayramzadeh, and Amin Shahsavar (2015) “Explanation of the status of age-friendly city criteria from the perspective of residents (case study: Miandoab city)”, Urban Social Geography, Year 12, Issue 1, pp. 19-40. Mousavi, M. N., Bayramzadeh, N. and Shahsavar, A. (2025) Evaluating Age-Friendly City Criteria from Residents' Perspective (Case Study: Miandoab, Iran). Journal of Urban Social Geography,12(1), 19-40. DOI: 10.22103/jusg.2025.2143. (In Persian). Olgun, R., & Erdoğan, R. (2016) Urban furniture and user satisfaction: The example of Antalya-Gulluk avenue. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(2), 674-682. Phillipson, C. (2025) Population Ageing and Urbanisation: Creating Sustainable Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. In: Guardado Moreira، M.J., A. Carvalho, L. S., Simões, Â., Candeias, M.d.J., Tomás, H.M. (eds) Sustainability in Aging. Lecture Notes in Bioengineering. Springer, Cham. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77282-5_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-77282-5_1</a>. Rahmati, M. and Mohammadi، C. (2022) Modeling Structural Equations of The Characteristics of The Elderly Friendly City of Kermanshah. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 12(43), 23-148. DOI: 10.22111/gaij.2022.41249.2985. (In Persian). Rahmati, Mansour and Chenour Mohammadi (2014) “Structural Equation Modeling of Kermanshah Age-Friendly City Indicators”, Geography and Regional Urban Planning, 12(43), pp. 123-148. Resideh، B., Marsoosi، N., Taleshi, M. and Moosa Kazemi, S. M. (2023) Analysis of Infrastructure Index of Elderly-Friendly City in Mashhad Metropolis. Journal of Urban Ecology Researches، 14(3), 1-16. DOI: 10.30473/grup.2023.65521.2736. (In Persian). Sharqi, A., Zarghami، E., Salehi Kousalari, F. and Olfat, M. (2016) Evaluating status of global indices of age-friendly city in Tehran Metropolis (AFC). Journal of Urban - Regional Studies and Research, 28(2), 1-22. (In Persian). Soja, E. W. (2010) Seeking spatial justice. University of Minnesota Press. Steinfeld, E., & Maisel, J. (2012) Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Talebpour, Akbar (2014) “Explaining the Effect of Social Exclusion on the Tendency to Use Drugs Among Women”, Social Psychological Studies of Women, Year 21, No. 4, pp. 36-63. Talebpour, Akbar and Masoumeh Beiranvand (2013) “Investigating the lived experience of permanent singleness from the perspective of single girls”, Quarterly Journal of Women and Society, Year 13, Issue 51, pp. 95-114 Talebpour, A., & Beiranvand, M. (2022) Investigating the lived experience of permanent celibacy from the perspective of single girls. Quarterly Journal of Woman and Society,13(51), 95-114. [In Persian] DOI: 10.30495/jzvj.2022.30184.3807. Talebpour, A. (2023) Explaining the Impact of Social Exclusion on Tendency to Use Drugs Among Women. Women's Studies Sociological and Psychological، 21(4), 36-63. [In Persian] DOI: 10.22051/jwsps.2023.42466.2705               <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran. a.talebpour@alzahra.ac.ir http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-6117 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** </a>Assistant Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Management, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. M.ghasemi@acecr.ac.ir http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9038-1537افزایش تعداد سالمندان و لزوم توجه به نیازهای دوران سالمندی، اهمیت برنامه&zwnj;ریزی شهری بر مبنای نیازهای آنان را ضروری نموده است؛ به نحوی &zwnj;که سازمان بهداشت جهانی، دهه حاضر را دهه سالمندی انتخاب نمود و کشورها را ملزم به پیروی از قواعد شهرهای دوستدار سالمندان کرد. هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تأثیر شاخص&zwnj;های شهر دوستدار سالمند بر میزان رضایت سالمندان تهرانی با استفاده از تئوری&zwnj;های طراحی فراگیر «رون&zwnj;میس»، طراحی رفتارنگر «جان&zwnj;لانگ»، فضاهای عمومی «ویلیام وایته»، حق به شهر «دیوید هاروی» و عدالت فضایی «ادوارد سوجا» بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش، سالمندان ساکن شهر تهران بودند که از میان آنان با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، تعداد 400 نفر از طریق نمونه&zwnj;گیری تصادفی با میانگین سنی 73 سال به&zwnj; عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شد. داده&zwnj;ها از طریق پرسشنامه 52 سؤالی که 46 مورد آن مربوط به ترجمه پرسشنامه جهانی شاخص&zwnj;های شهر دوستدار سالمند بود، گردآوری شد و روایی آن از طریق روایی محتوایی و پایایی آن از طریق آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. بر اساس نتایج تحقیق، میانگین متغیرهای مستقل و متغیر وابسته تحقیق (به &zwnj;جز دو متغیر مسکن و احترام و پذیرش اجتماعی)، پایین&zwnj;تر از حد متوسط قرار داشت. تحلیل یافته&zwnj;ها با استفاده از تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان داد که معیارهای شهر دوستدار سالمند شامل مسکن، مشارکت اجتماعی، احترام و پذیرش اجتماعی، مشارکت مدنی و اشتغال، ارتباطات و اطلاعات، حمایت اجتماعی و خدمات درمانی، فضاها و ساختمان&zwnj;های بیرونی و حملونقل به &zwnj;ترتیب نقش مهمی بر میزان رضایت سالمندان داشت. همچنین سازه&zwnj;های تحقیق بر اساس مدل&zwnj;یابی معادلات ساختاری، نقش مهمی در تبیین رضایت سالمندان تهرانی داشت.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671Elaboration of the conceptual framework of the theory of gender and space through thematic analysis methodتدوین چارچوب مفهومی نظریه جنسیت و فضا در فضاهای شهری از طریق روش تحلیل مضمون83116faاطهرکدیوردانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0009-0001-1502-2638منوچهرطبیبیاناستاد گروه شهرسازی دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0حسینکلانتری خلیل آباداستاد گروه شهرسازی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی، جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-8065ماندانایوسفیاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایرانhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-97672025731Conceptualizing the Theory of Gender and Space in Urban Spaces through Thematic Analysis   Athar Kadivar<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Manuchehr Tabibiyan<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Hossein Kalantari Khalilabad<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a> Mandana Yousefi<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>   Gender and space examines the relationship between gender identity, social roles, and the physical environment, focusing on how gender shapes individuals’ experiences, navigation, and interactions within urban contexts. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework for the theory of gender and space in urban environments. While the objective is applied, the extraction of key characteristics from the literature is fundamental, requiring epistemological clarification and systematic analysis of existing studies. A qualitative approach was employed, using systematic review and thematic analysis with MAXQDA (version 28.13). A total of 167 domestic (1388–1403) and international (2008–2024) sources—articles and books indexed in WOS and Elsevier—were selected through judgmental sampling. All sources included at least two keywords among gender, women, space, urban space, and neighborhoods. The analysis identified 233 sub-components, which were organized into 23 components and 6 dimensions. The most frequently recurring dimensions in prior studies were socio-cultural, good governance, gender-related, physical, spatial, and skill education. These findings provide a structured basis for advancing research on gender and space and support the practical application of these components to improve the quality of urban environments.   Keywords: Gender; Space; Urban Space; Conceptual Framework; Thematic Analysis.   Extended Abstract: Gender and space examines the relationship between gender identity, social roles, and the physical environment, focusing on how gender shapes individuals’ experiences, navigation, and interactions within urban contexts. Human experiences in cities are influenced not only by physical design and architecture but also by deeply embedded social norms related to gender. The intersection of gender and urban space has therefore been constructed and experienced through gendered perspectives. However, the lack of systematic categorization and the persistence of spatial dualities—such as distinctions between male and female bodies and the division of public and private domains—highlight the need for a more structured conceptual understanding. Despite the growing body of research, the field still lacks a comprehensive and operational framework. This study addresses this gap by systematically re-examining existing literature and developing a coherent conceptual framework for gender and space in urban environments. It seeks to answer two key questions: (1) what dimensions, components, and sub-components should define this framework, and (2) how can a systematically organized framework support its practical application? The research adopts a qualitative approach, combining systematic review and thematic analysis using MAXQDA (version 13.28). A total of 167 domestic (1388–1403) and international (2008–2024) sources—including books, theses, reports, and journal articles indexed in WOS and Elsevier—were selected through judgmental sampling. The analysis followed a three-stage process: identification of key concepts, development of the conceptual framework through thematic coding (descriptive, interpretive, and integrative), and validation through a Delphi panel of 12 urban planning experts. After reviewing the content of 167 sources, a total of 233 sub-components were identified, which were compiled into 23 components and 6 new dimensions. The 6 new dimensions compiled include; "socio-cultural", "good governance", "gender", "physical", "spatial" and "skills training" dimensions, which cover the 23 components compiled in the systematic review stage. Also, the 23 components developed include: "gender typology", "gender justice", "biological difference", "spatial diversity", "third place", "lived space (spatial routine)", "contextual conditions", "legibility", "spatial form", "identity", "typification of the structure of society", "active society", "meritocracy", "ideology", "social norms", "pattern of gender mobility in space", "sexual harassment", "right-bearing citizen", "spatial-social inequalities", "urban governance", "urban governance", "decision-makers" and "education and training". The results reveal that, although many studies acknowledge the role of gender in shaping urban spatial structures and usage patterns, few have proposed a comprehensive and systematic conceptual framework. This research reduces conceptual fragmentation by offering an integrated analytical model that clarifies the interrelationships between spatial structures and gendered characteristics. From a practical perspective, the proposed framework can serve as an analytical and operational tool in urban planning, design, and management. It supports the integration of gender-sensitive approaches into policymaking, enables the identification of overlooked dimensions of gendered spatial experience, and facilitates more equitable and evidence-based interventions. Ultimately, it contributes to enhancing spatial justice, urban quality, and social inclusivity. Finally, the study highlights the relative lack of research on the skill education dimension, suggesting that future studies should place greater emphasis on education and capacity-building—both among the public and urban professionals—to advance gender-sensitive urban planning.   Refrence Abdelmoaty, Aya, Saadallah, Dina, Bakr, Ali (2021) Gender Mainstreaming and Women’s Involvement in Urban Planning Strategies,Second Arab Land Conference,22-24 February 2021,Cairo,Egypt. 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Zekavat, Meysam, Momenian, Arezoo )2018( GENDER-SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN Örgütsel Davranış Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal Of Organizational Behavior Research Cilt / Vol.: 3, Sayı / Is.: S2, Yıl/Year: 2018, Kod/ID: 81S2413.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Ph</a>.D. Student in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. a.kadivar65@gmail.com http://orcid.org/0009-0001-1502-2638 <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Urban Planning, Campus of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. tabibian@ut.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, Jahad Daneshgahi, Tehran, Iran H_kalantari2005@yahoo.com http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5262-8065 <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">****</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran mandana.yousefi@iau.ac.ir                         <a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-9767">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5100-9767</a>جنسیت و فضا، موضوعی است که رابطه میان هویت جنسیتی، نقشهای اجتماعی و محیط فیزیکی را که در آن زندگی میکنیم بررسی میکند و در برگیرنده این موضوع است که چگونه جنسیت بر نحوۀ تجربه، جهتیابی و تعامل افراد با فضاها و عرصههای مختلف شهری تأثیر میگذارد. به &zwnj;طور کلی جنسیت و فضا، چگونگی تأثیر جنسیت بر تجربههای افراد را در محیطهای فیزیکی و اجتماعی که با آن مواجه هستند، روشن میکند. مقاله حاضر از نظر هدف ارائه چارچوب مفهومی نظریۀ جنسیت و فضا در فضاهای شهری، کاربردی و از نظر استخراج هر کدام از ویژگی&zwnj;ها از میان منابع، بنیادی است. همچنین ذکر ویژگیهای آن از طریق تشریح معرفتشناسی، بازخوانی و تحلیل مطالعات موجود برای دستیابی به مفاهیم اصلی مرتبط با جنسیت و فضا در فضای شهری، ضروری است. روش مقاله حاضر، کیفی بوده، مبتنی بر تکنیکهای مرور نظاممند و تحلیل مضمون به کمک نرمافزار متنکاوی MAXQDA نسخه 28/13 است. در این راستا محتوای 167 منبع از مقالات و کتب معتبر داخلی بین سالهای 1388 تا 1403 و خارجی بین سالهای 2008 تا 2024 در مجلههای بینالمللی تحت نمایه WOS و الزویر که در عنوان خود حداقل دو کلیدواژه از بین کلیدواژههای (فارسی و انگلیسی) جنسیت، زنان، فضا، فضای شهری و محلات را داشتند، با روش نمونهگیری قضاوتی به&zwnj; عنوان نمونه انتخاب و بررسی شد. در مجموع ۲۳۳ زیرمؤلفه شناسایی شد که در قالب ۲۳ مؤلفه و 6 بعد تدوین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که در میان مفاهیم مرتبط با جنسیت و فضا در فضای شهری، ابعادِ «اجتماعی - فرهنگی»، «حکمروایی خوب»، «جنسیتی»، «کالبدی»، «فضایی» و «آموزش مهارت» به &zwnj;ترتیب بیشترین فراوانی تکرار را در پژوهشهای انجامشده دارند. این نتیجه از منظر کاربردی به ادامه پژوهشهای جنسیت و فضا در فضاهای شهری کمک شایانی مینماید و کاربست این مؤلفهها را در ارتقای کیفیت فضاهای شهری، آسانتر میکند.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X1661202671Analysis of Factors Affecting the Design of Educational Spaces Based on Islamic Teachings with a Structural Equation Modeling Approachتحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر طراحی فضاهای آموزشی مبتنی بر آموزه‌های اسلامی با رویکرد مدل‌سازی ساختاری117137fa مهدی اخترکاواناستادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-53152025116Analysis of Factors Affecting the Design of Educational Spaces Based on Islamic Teachings with a Structural Equation Modeling Approach   Mahdi Akhtarkavan<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   This study aims to identify, analyze, and model the factors influencing the design of educational spaces based on Islamic teachings. Using a mixed-method approach, the research first extracted relevant variables through a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews with 22 experts. A questionnaire with 28 items (Cronbach's alpha = 0.913) was then administered to a sample of 320 architects and educational specialists in Tehran. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five main factors: cultural-religious (weight = 0.238), physical-architectural (weight = 0.238), social (weight = 0.190), educational-pedagogical (weight = 0.190), and economic-managerial (weight = 0.144). Structural equation modeling (CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.058) showed significant causal relationships among the factors, with the cultural-religious factor having the strongest direct effect on social and educational factors, and the economic-managerial factor strongly influencing the physical-architectural factor. A weighted mathematical model was developed to quantitatively evaluate educational space designs. The findings highlight the priority of cultural-religious and physical-architectural factors, emphasizing an integrated approach where spiritual and physical components precede managerial and economic considerations. The proposed model offers a practical tool for policymakers and architects to create identity-oriented and effective learning environments aligned with Islamic principles. Keywords: Educational Space Design, Islamic Teachings, Factor Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).   Introduction and Problem Statement  Educational space design, beyond a mere physical or aesthetic concern, plays a fundamental role in the quality of learning, the formation of cultural identity, and social interactions among students (Boyle, 2018; Hardaker & Sabki, 2018). In Islamic societies, this issue holds twofold importance, as educational spaces must not only fulfill pedagogical functions but also reflect Islamic values and teachings (Abbas et al., 2024). Despite extensive studies describing the principles of Islamic architecture (such as the use of symbols, natural light, flexibility, and attention to local culture) (Arjmand et al., 2018; Triayudha et al., 2019; Romadhon & Asari, 2023), a significant gap exists in the quantitative and systematic analysis of the relationships among cultural, social, physical, and managerial factors (Hidayah et al., 2024). More precisely, few studies have answered the core question: "What is the impact coefficient of each factor influencing the design of Islamic-based educational spaces on one another and on the final design, and which factor holds priority in design?" This research aims to fill this gap by identifying, categorizing, and analyzing the structural relationships of factors affecting the design of educational spaces based on Islamic teachings, ultimately presenting a quantitative weighted mathematical model for evaluating such spaces.   Research Methodology  This study is applied in terms of purpose and employs a mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) approach with a survey design. In the qualitative phase, an initial set of variables was extracted through a systematic literature review and analysis of previous studies (including 22 reputable domestic and international sources). To deepen the findings, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 experts, including professors of Islamic architecture, experienced architects (with at least 10 years of work experience), and educational administrators in Tehran, selected through purposive snowball sampling (Sarabi & Molanaei, 2016; Asadi & Majidi, 2016). Based on the qualitative findings, an initial 60-item questionnaire (using a Likert scale) was developed. After confirming face and content validity by experts and conducting a pilot study on 31 master's students in architecture, the final questionnaire with 28 items and a highly desirable reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha = 0.913) was prepared. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of architects and educational specialists in Tehran. Due to the unknown exact population size, the Cochran formula for infinite populations was applied, and 380 questionnaires were distributed using multi-stage cluster sampling. A total of 320 usable questionnaires were returned (response rate of 84%). Three complementary analytical approaches were used: (1) Exploratory Factor Analysis (principal components method with Varimax rotation) in SPSS to extract main factors; (2) Structural Equation Modeling and path analysis in AMOS to examine causal relationships among factors; and (3) the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign final weights to factors and variables based on expert judgment.   Findings  The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed that the 28 questionnaire items could be categorized into five main factors, jointly explaining 68.5% of the total variance. These five factors, ranked by weight (based on AHP), are: 1. Cultural-Religious Factor (weight = 0.238): The highest importance, comprising three main variables: "spirituality and sacredness of space" (weight = 0.40), "attention to Islamic teachings (verses, hadiths, symbols)" (weight = 0.35), and "influence of local culture" (weight = 0.25). 2. Physical-Architectural Factor (weight = 0.238): Equal in weight to the cultural factor, including "geometry and order" (weight = 0.30), "natural light and proper ventilation" (weight = 0.30), "use of natural materials" (weight = 0.20), and "provision of green spaces" (weight = 0.20). 3. Social Factor (weight = 0.190): Including "social interaction" (weight = 0.40), "cultural diversity" (weight = 0.35), and "attention to family" (weight = 0.25). 4. Educational-Pedagogical Factor (weight = 0.190): Including "attention to active and participatory teaching methods" (weight = 0.35), "diversity of educational spaces" (weight = 0.35), and "group activities" (weight = 0.30). 5. Economic-Managerial Factor (weight = 0.144): The lowest weight, comprising "costs and resource provision" (weight = 0.40), "efficient management of educational space" (weight = 0.35), and "provision of facilities and equipment" (weight = 0.25). Path analysis results within the structural equation model (with good fit indices: CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.058, x2/df = 2.84) indicated significant and complex relationships among these five factors. Key path findings include: The cultural-religious factor has the strongest direct effect on the social factor (coefficient = 8) and on the educational-pedagogical factor (coefficient = 7). The economic-managerial factor shows the strongest effect on the physical-architectural factor (coefficient = 9), highlighting the critical role of financial resources in achieving physical objectives. The social factor, in turn, influences the educational-pedagogical factor (coefficient = 9) and the economic-managerial factor (coefficient = 7). The physical-architectural factor positively affects the educational-pedagogical factor (coefficient = 8) and the social factor (coefficient = 7). The final research model is depicted as a causal-structural system, wherein the cultural-religious factor acts as the main driving force, affecting final design quality through social and physical factors, while the economic-managerial factor plays a supportive and infrastructural role.   Conclusion and Novelty  This research offers novelty and added value in two respects. First, unlike previous descriptive and qualitative studies (Hardaker & Sabki, 2018b; Romadhon & Asari, 2023), it adopts an analytical-quantitative approach using advanced statistical methods to reveal hidden and bidirectional relationships among factors. Second, the mathematical model presented (comprising seven main equations) provides a practical, quantitative tool for evaluating educational design proposals before implementation. Based on the findings, the main conclusion is that designing educational spaces based on Islamic teachings requires an integrated and prioritized approach in which the following are sequentially emphasized: (1) cultural-religious identity and spirituality of space; (2) physical and architectural quality (aligned with Islamic principles); (3) facilitation of social interactions; (4) educational-pedagogical flexibility; and finally (5) resource provision and efficient management. The proposed model can serve as a practical framework for policymakers, educational administrators, and architects to create identity-forming, effective, and inspirational learning environments. Research limitations include geographic focus on Tehran and limited access to certain experts. Future research could deepen and develop this model by examining different cultural and geographic contexts and incorporating modern digital technology variables.   References Abbas, N., Rochmawan, A. E., & Astoko, D. B. 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(2016) Iranian educational environments; architectural studies of madraseh building in Azerbaijan- Iran. IIOAB JOURNAL, 7, 237- 246. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amir-Sarabi/publication/309677220. Triayudha, A., Pramitasary, R. N., Anas, H. A., & Mahfud, C. (2019) Relations between mosque and social history of Islamic education. Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 16(1), 142- 153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v16i1.531.     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* </a>Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. m.akhtarkavan@qom.ac.ir https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-5315طراحی فضاهای آموزشی به&zwnj; عنوان بستر اصلی یادگیری، نقش تعیین&zwnj;کننده&zwnj;ای در کیفیت آموزش دارد. در جوامع اسلامی، این فضاها باید علاوه بر کارکردهای آموزشی، بازتاب&zwnj;دهنده ارزش&zwnj;های فرهنگی و مذهبی باشند. هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر طراحی فضاهای آموزشی مبتنی بر آموزه&zwnj;های اسلامی و ارائه مدلی کمّی برای ارزیابی این عوامل است. این پژوهش کاربردی با روش ترکیبی (کیفی- کمّی) انجام شد. در بخش کیفی، با مرور نظام&zwnj;مند ادبیات و مصاحبه با 22 خبره (اساتید معماری اسلامی، معماران و مدیران آموزشی با حداقل ده سال سابقه) که به روش گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند، عوامل اولیه شناسایی شد. در بخش کمّی، داده&zwnj;ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق&zwnj;ساخته با طیف لیکرت از نمونه 280 نفری از معماران و کارشناسان آموزشی شهر تهران جمع&zwnj;آوری شد. برای تحلیل داده&zwnj;ها از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی در SPSS و AMOS و نیز تکنیک AHP استفاده شد. نتایج، پنج عامل اصلی را تأیید کرد: فرهنگی- مذهبی (وزن 0.238)، فیزیکی- معماری (وزن 0.238)، اجتماعی (وزن 0.190)، آموزشی- تربیتی (وزن 0.190) و اقتصادی- مدیریتی (وزن 0.144). تحلیل مسیر نشان داد که عامل فرهنگی- مذهبی با ضریب 8، بیشترین تأثیر مستقیم را بر عامل اجتماعی و با ضریب 7 بر عامل آموزشی- تربیتی دارد. عامل اقتصادی- مدیریتی نیز با ضریب 9، بیشترین تأثیر را بر عامل فیزیکی- معماری نشان داد. مدل از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار بود (CFI=0.92, RMSEA=0.058). یافته&zwnj;ها نشان می&zwnj;دهد که طراحی فضاهای آموزشی مبتنی بر آموزه&zwnj;های اسلامی نیازمند رویکردی یکپارچه با اولویت&zwnj;دهی به مؤلفه&zwnj;های معنوی و کالبدی است. این چارچوب می&zwnj;تواند به &zwnj;عنوان ابزاری عملی برای سیاست&zwnj;گذاران و طراحان برای ایجاد محیط&zwnj;های یادگیری هویت&zwnj;بخش و ارتقای کیفیت آموزش به کار رود.

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