Interpreting of the Influential Components in the Formation of the Void Affecting Social Interactions (Residential Buildings from the Second Pahlavi Period to the Present in Tehran)

perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-111454117articleInterpreting of the Influential Components in the Formation of the Void Affecting Social Interactions (Residential Buildings from the Second Pahlavi Period to the Present in Tehran)soudabeh abbasiazarsoudabeh.abbasii@gmail.com1siamak panahiSoudabeh.abbasi@yahoo.com2Hossein Kalantari khalilabadH-kalantari2005@yahoo.com3PhD Student, Department of Architecture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.Professor of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Management, Insitute for Humanities and Social Studies in ACECR, Tehran, Iran & Member of Architecture Department of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Iran. The Void, as a behavioral space, has both physical and non-physical dimensions. This research, with an applied aim, seeks to identify the factors influencing the formation of yards in residential spaces from the Pahlavi II era to the present day in Tehran, focusing on their social impacts through the analysis of library resources, interviews with researchers, and design architects. The research is conducted within a qualitative paradigm and employs a grounded theory approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with specialists and the MAXQDA software for data analysis. The findings of the research demonstrate the impact of various components, including social, physical, cultural, and economic factors, on the formation of yards that influence the social interactions of residents.   Keywords: Void, Spatial Components, Residential Buildings, Social Interactions.   Introduction Since the subject of the present research is interpreting the physical-social components of the spatial structure of the void in residential spaces, studies that specifically address this origin are considered the background of this article.   Background of the research: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="120"> Author </td> <td width="189"> Research </td> <td width="123"> Research year </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120"> Reme Koolhaas </td> <td width="189"> Void's strategy </td> <td width="123"> 2012 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120"> Kolqulu and Shamiligo </td> <td width="189"> void from a perceptual and visual perspective in architectural form </td> <td width="123"> 2012 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120"> Safdarian </td> <td width="189"> social interactions in residential complexes </td> <td width="123"> 2021 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="120"> Zohra Attar Abbasi </td> <td width="189"> influence of emptiness physical-semantic features on social interactions </td> <td width="123"> 2020 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   The void, as an empty space, possesses formal, conceptual, and functional richness in various fields. It is a space enclosed by physical elements that define its boundaries, which should be analyzed from both physical and non-physical dimensions. In this regard attention to context in terms of time and place is significant. The void refers to an element that is effective in the regeneration and re-evaluation of a space, completing its function as an empty space. The use of the void and its impact as a behavioral space in residential areas can be studied by considering changes in lifestyle within the context of contemporary history. These transformations, which began during the second Pahlavi era in response to urban population growth, rising land prices, and the onset of contemporary Iran's development—specifically in Tehran—continue to this day. The goal of this research is to recognize the spatial indicators in the formation of void spaces in the homes of Tehran, both in the past and present, during the Second Pahlavi era up to the post-Islamic Revolution, with a focus on its social impact on residents. In this regard, the study examines how the void was formed in residential architecture during this period, with attention to the potential for fostering social interactions among family members and neighbors.   Research Methodology This research is considered an applied and practical study. To achieve this, the physical and non-physical dimensions of the void structure in residential spaces are first extracted through data collection from the studies of prominent researchers in architecture and urban planning, using library resources (theory-based data). Then, considering the impact of climate and culture on how voids are formed in residential spaces, semi-structured interviews with a qualitative approach are conducted with the help of grounded theory, involving Iranian theorists and architectural designers. Following this, in the quantitative method, the existing factors are extracted based on the theoretical literature. The data is analyzed using MAXQDA software. Finally, the findings from the interviews are presented in tables and charts, accompanied by textual analysis. The methodology for interviews and questionnaires aims to answer the following question: What are the factors influencing the formation of the spatial structure of voids that affect social interactions among family members and residents in residential spaces in modern Tehran?   Conclusion   Physical and social components of outdoors in residential buildings <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="414"> social components </td> <td width="203"> Physical components </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Ability to interact with friends </td> <td width="203"> Dimensions </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> The possibility of walking </td> <td width="203"> Proportions </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> The possibility of physical activities </td> <td width="203"> area of space </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Face-to-face meeting </td> <td width="203"> Hierarchy </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Variety of sensory stimuli </td> <td width="203"> How to access </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> green space </td> <td width="203"> green space </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Adapting to the needs of different age and gender groups </td> <td width="203"> Infrastructure facilities </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Can be used at different times of the day and night </td> <td width="203"> Circulation </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Creation of public and private arenas </td> <td width="203"> Attractive architectural elements </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> A sense of individuality and belonging </td> <td width="203"> Can be used in different weather conditions </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> The ability to make a place memorable </td> <td width="203"> security </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> security </td> <td width="203"> Scale users </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> The possibility of sitting and watching the surrounding spaces </td> <td width="203"> Space layout </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="414"> Flexibility </td> <td width="203"> Physiological comfort </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Influential components in the formation of ‘void’ in residential buildings in Tehran from the point of view of a specialist:   <table width="444"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="125"> Frequency percentage </td> <td width="83"> frequency </td> <td width="236"> Influential components in the formation of void </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 27.27 </td> <td width="83"> 45 </td> <td width="236"> physical </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 23.03 </td> <td width="83"> 38 </td> <td width="236"> social </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 16.36 </td> <td width="83"> 27 </td> <td width="236"> cultural </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 13.33 </td> <td width="83"> 22 </td> <td width="236"> Assessing the needs of residents according to the context </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 12.12 </td> <td width="83"> 20 </td> <td width="236"> economic </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 3.03 </td> <td width="83"> 5 </td> <td width="236"> Meaning and ontology </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 2.42 </td> <td width="83"> 4 </td> <td width="236"> political </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 1.82 </td> <td width="83"> 3 </td> <td width="236"> religious </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 0.61 </td> <td width="83"> 1 </td> <td width="236"> Technology </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="125"> 100.00 </td> <td width="83"> 165 </td> <td width="236"> total </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>       Discussion and conclusion: From the results extracted from the diagram, it can be concluded that the role of the physical factor that is in the physical dimension had the greatest impact on the formation of void. Factors such as lighting, ventilation, ecosystem, etc., are among these things. After that, the social and cultural factors and the needs of the residents have had significant effects on the formation of the void structure, and each of these factors plays a different role depending on the different areas of Tehran. These factors, which are placed in the non-physical dimension, exclusively refer to the living conditions and needs of the residents of different areas of Tehran, which are different according to the lifestyle, economic conditions, type of density, and population in each area. Although the economic component is in the next position, according to the interviews conducted with specialists from the time before the revolution until now, it has played a very effective role in the type of void formation in each area of Tehran.   The amount of effects of the influencing factors on the formation of weeds in the residential buildings of Tehran                                http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/47263Void Spatial Components Residential Buildings Social Interactions.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-1114541942articleExplaining the Effect of the Concept of Inculcation in the System of neighborhood, based on the Teachings of Islamic KnowledgeMajid Khorramshadkhoramshad86@gmail.com1رضا خیرالدینReza_kheyroddin@iust.ac.ir2PhD Candidate in Urban Planning department at Iran University of Science and Technology.Associate Professor in Urban Planning department at Iran University of Science and Technology.  In Islamic anthropology and its educational foundations, inculcation is considered one of the important and influential methods in the process of human growth and excellence. Nevertheless, the physical and functional translation of this key concept has been neglected in the field of urban design. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to provide strategies for neighborhood management and operational suggestions for its physical and functional formation influenced by the concept of inculcation. For this purpose, by focusing on "library resources" and using the methods of "Meta-synthesis" "logical reasoning" and "interdisciplinary extension", the concept of inculcation was summarized based on Islamic teachings, inculcation in urban planning was redefined and the concepts of "familiarity" and "Trust" were identified as the main concepts shaping the inculcation. Finally, it was concluded that the concept of inculcation in the neighborhood has the highest function in seven specific urban spaces. Also, the strategies and operational suggestions needed in order to manage and direct the physical and functional inculcations in the desired Islamic neighborhood have been presented in the results of the research.   Keywords: inculcation, repetition, familiarity, attraction, trust, neighborhood   Introduction Mankind is fundamentally an impressionable creature and behaves to a considerable extent according to the inculcations that are transmitted to him. Inculcations made on humans come from many and diverse sources such as the speech of close people, politicians, artists, media, and also multimedia works of art. But one of the most influential inducers in urban life is the city itself. Urban physics and functions can inculcate many concepts to the citizens in the medium and long term. Neglecting this key platform in the process of cultural-social and physical-functional management of cities cannot be analyzed only at the level of a low-impact passivity and provides the cultural and identity decline of the city and its citizens. Therefore, in this article, we focused on the structure of interdisciplinary research. We took advantage of the foundations produced in the field of the concept of "inculcation" in Islamic education and specifically in "Islamic anthropology" and extended it to "urban planning" and specifically in "neighborhood system". In this way, we intend to answer the question of the concept of inculcation - from the perspective of Islamic education - what effects does it have on the conceptual, functional, and physical system of the neighborhood? In this way, the aim of the research is to provide strategies as well as operational suggestions for the management and physical and functional shaping of the neighborhood, affected by the concept of "inculcation".   Research Methodology The present article is considered "qualitative" in terms of research strategy. From the point of view of the Scientific position - through the link between the two academic fields of Islamic education and urban planning - it is classified under "interdisciplinary" studies. Also, the main and macro method of this research in order to take a comprehensive view of the concept of "inculcation" is the Meta-synthesis method. In the research process, in order to obtain relevant and reliable sources, a systematic review method has been used in order to search the sources accurately and purposefully. Also, in order to integrate the concepts of inculcation and neighborhood, the Technique of extension has been used in interdisciplinary integration.   Results By examining and analyzing the selected sources on the subject of inculcation from the perspective of various sciences such as lexicology, educational sciences, advertising and media, and Islamic education, the main components of inculcation were extracted as described in Table No. 1.   Table No. 1: Description of the components of the concept of inculcation based on related fields of knowledge     On the other hand, it was analyzed that the neighborhood scale has an undeniable fit with the concept of inculcation. The congruence of the concepts of "repetition" and "familiarity" as well as "attraction" and "trust" which is the inculcation process dependent on them, can be proven in two ways. First, the continuous presence of citizens in the neighborhood and the long-term connection with its physical and functional elements realize repetition and familiarity. Second, trust-building social structures in the neighborhood such as mosques, schools, and various social groups create attraction and trust. In this way and relying on 1) the direction and result of inculcation in Islamic education and 2) the physical and functional nature of urban planning and design, the macro-structure of the implementation of the concept of inculcation in the neighborhood was presented according to diagram No. 1. Operational suggestions were also extracted to produce divine inspirations and reduce satanic inspirations in the neighborhood, the most important of which are stated as follows: - Comprehensive and integrated management of existing inculcations in the neighborhood and its many public spaces. In the neighborhood’s inculcation management, both the general result of the existing inculcation in the neighborhood should be evaluated and specially analyzed which approach (divine or satanic) induces the feeling of being the majority, and Each space should be analyzed from the point of view of visual and audio. - Designing urban spaces (focusing on the seven spaces) in such a way that all the physical and functional elements of the neighborhood, while keeping people away from inattention, forgetful and tempting inculcations, constantly confront them with divine inculcations based on the truths of creation. - Special use of the mosque, the surrounding spaces, and the passages leading to it in shaping the spatial organization of the neighborhood, the orientation of the passages, the height system of the neighborhood, etc. In fact, the main inducer in the neighborhood should be the mosque and not any other physical or functional element. - The long-term residence of the residents is one of the strengthening factors of the inculcation process in the neighborhoods. In other words, continuous relocations of residence, especially in big cities, greatly reduce the capacity to use inculcation tools. This issue relies on the time-consuming process of forming humanity and trust in humans towards the environment and surrounding elements. - Being smaller, more self-sufficient, cooperative, and pedestrian-oriented, due to providing the possibility of repetition and greater depth of audio-visual encounters, has a significant effect on increasing the level of inducibility of the neighborhood and the inducibility of the residents, and strengthens the ability to use this important tool. - Special time-place situations, which are the generator of instant passions, are considered to be among the most susceptible platforms for inculcating concepts. Therefore, one of the main points that require careful management of inculcations in the neighborhood is to control and prevent the centrality of trust-building elements with non-divine attraction, such as commercial entertainment centers or the spread of events that cause inattention and playfulness. - The maximum expansion of natural elements (including plants, animals, sky, and earth) and the design of the neighborhood in line with their expression as much as possible is one of the necessities of realizing positive and divine inculcations in the neighborhoods. This point mentions the desirability of building one or two-story residential buildings in order to create less spatial confinement and provide the possibility of seeing the sky. - Strengthening, expansion, and spiritual management of the space/place of local events as one of the very important platforms for inculcating positive and godly concepts to the residents is one of the important points. This issue is clearly realized by holding religious ceremonies in them. - A comprehensive redesign of the facades of residential buildings in the neighborhoods in line with: 1) not inducing boastful concepts and as a result provoking "regret" and "jealousy" in the viewers, 2) not inducing inattention, amnesia, and futility to the audience, 3) inducing regularity and calmness and 4) maximum use of natural elements in them. - Paying special attention to spreading the sound of the Azan (call to prayer) and the Quran in the neighborhood centered on the mosque, especially on special religious occasions. - Designing and managing a comprehensive system of local environmental advertising - including billboards and storefronts and storefronts of commercial and administrative uses - in order to strengthen inculcations with the concepts of contentment and admonition and distance from the promotion of consumerist concepts and encouraging idleness.   Diagram No. 1: The Macro Structure of the Implementation of the Concept of Inculcation in the Neighborhood  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/46044inculcation repetition familiarity attraction trust neighborhood.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-1114544361articleReading out the Existence Degrees of Sadra Wisdomin the Hierarchy of Iranian Garden (Case Study: Fin Garden, Kashan)Elnaz Imanie-imani@tabriziau.ac.ir1morteza shajarimortezashajari@gmail.com2PhD in Islamic Architecture, Department of Architecture, Tabriz University of Islamic Arts, Tabriz, Iran. Professor, Department of Philosophy, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.Iran's historical gardens serve as a platform for the transmission and expression of the underlying ideas of their designers. According to an Iranian artist, the entire world is a manifestation of God, and one way that God shows up in the world is through architecture. This essay seeks to analyze the function of hierarchy in the Iranian garden's architecture while also finding resonance and empathy with it. It uses the hierarchy of the Fin Garden in Kashan as a comprehensive illustration of the Iranian garden in an attempt to offer an explanation of the degrees of existence that is drawn from Sadra's philosophy. The study initially looks at Mulla Sadra's degrees of existence and the hierarchical structure of Iranian garden design through field and library research using qualitative research methodologies and content analysis. It then employs an interpretive method with a conceptual and existential viewpoint to reinterpret the Sadra's degrees of existence in the Fin Garden. Based on the results, the Iranian garden, as a manifestation of Iranian-Islamic thought, is symbolically connected to Sadra's thought regarding the levels of existence and the journey toward perfection. This experience can be measured in the coexistence between the levels of existence and the architectural organization of the garden. The hierarchy of the Persian garden, in its "similarity" with the levels of existence, leads humanity towards innovation and creativity that is based on the attributes of God.   Keywords: Iranian Garden, Sadra Wisdom, Hierarchy of garden architecture system, Degrees of existence, Kashan Fin Garden.     Statement of the Problem The Iranian garden, with its architectural concept, reflects a sense of place that embodies the overall image of the cosmos. This concept guides individuals towards the essence and inner realm hidden within the space (Ardalan and Bakhtiar, 2004: 68). According to many systems, the Persian garden's structure can be used to abstract the connection between the garden and the human mind, so exposing the essence of existence (Dadbeh, 2004: 33). The Iranian garden artist has created an understanding of the mechanisms of the universe derived from Islamic-Iranian philosophy, which emphasizes the continuous presence of God in the different layers of the garden (see: Shibani and Hashemi-Zadegan, 2016). This effort by the architect in designing the hierarchy in the Persian garden has a close affinity with Mulla Sadra's definition of the truth of art in transcendent philosophy (see: Yarian, 2023). Therefore, a comparison can be made between existence (the artistic work of God) and the Iranian garden (the artistic work of the architect) from the perspective of the hierarchies present in them. Thus, in this research, the levels of existence from the viewpoint of transcendent wisdom are reinterpreted in the hierarchy of the Fin Garden in Kashan in search of the truth of the Iranian garden through an interpretive method. The research is structured based on the following questions: 1. How is the hierarchy defined in the Persian garden? 2. How are the levels of existence according to Sadrā interpreted in the architecture of the Persian garden? 3. How can the coexistence between the levels of existence and the architectural system of the garden be assessed?   Research Methodology The hierarchy studied in the Fin Garden's architecture and system of existence has made it possible to investigate how different garden elements relate to the physical world, imagination, and intellect. Through an interpretive method as well as an existential and conceptual approach, the degrees of existence from Sadra's point of view can be reinterpreted in the hierarchical structure of the Fin Garden in Kashan. Actually, one way to comprehend the underlying workings of an event is through interpretation. Since there are two types of information—acquired and current—existential interpretation relates to present knowledge, but conceptual interpretation is a part of acquired knowledge (see: Malayi, Parsania, 2015). Understanding the actuality and essence of a thing without the need for an intermediary is the result of this kind of interpretation (Javadi Amoli, 2010: 51-57). Two general steps in the interpretive approach are taking off the veil and going back to the source. After completing these two phases, the inner face of the phenomena will become apparent, and its essence will be understood. The two approaches to existential and conceptual interpretation each have corresponding veils; hence, the veils in the existential path connect to being and existence, while the veils in the conceptual path relate to conceptions. Following this stage, there is the opportunity to go back to the original (the second phase of interpretation), and by focusing on and examining the substance and actuality of occurrences, they are seen for what they really are. The features of the phenomenon can be comprehended following this observation (Shirazi, 2010: 115). In this post, this procedure has been completed in seven steps.   Results In this study, it is shown at each stage that the various experiences of each section of this garden can be seen as a representation of the levels of existence according to Sadrā and also as a step-by-step evolution, where each level of perfection serves as a beginning for reaching another potential perfection. This journey begins in the city. In this article, the city symbolizes the physical world, and its most prominent characteristics are time, space, and movement. In the city, there are many possible paths ahead, and many goals are also hidden from view. Therefore, one of these paths must be chosen; with the help of a guide who has previously traveled this way and knows the route, the path and goal become certain. On this path, the individual leaves the city and, after traveling a distance, finds themselves in front of a wall that is the garden's fence. This fence serves as a framework that encompasses all the elements of this garden. In other words, the wall in the garden separates two different worlds and, in this sense, defines a clear boundary; because the existence and greenery of the garden begin in the heart of the desert towards the inside of the wall. In fact, that place is the entrance to the garden and the gateway to a superior realm beyond this fence. In the garden and in one's mind, one can fully experience liberation from materiality. Here, human perceptions are stronger and more acute. Human emotions—such as happiness, grief, fear, desire, joy, and suffering—are therefore more intense than those of the physical world. A person feels a kind of boundless joy and ecstasy when they first come into this world, along with the sorrow of losing their significant other, which intensifies their desire to locate them here.When someone works for perfection, they aim to go beyond their imagination and advance to a greater level in the next step and on their spiritual path. At this point, he is confronted with a boundary. A person must climb the steps and go beyond the volume of water as they move through the garden, which elevates, purifies, and prepares them to join the world of intellect. By passing through the garden area, a person finds themselves in a space called the garden pavilion (Kushk). The pavilion is another world in the garden, symbolizing the realm of intellect. Here, beyond time, space, matter, quality, and quantity, a person thinks of God, the creator, and the artist, becoming more perfect. A person, through contemplation in the tranquility of the pavilion, becomes aware of a realm that encompasses all levels of existence. Here is where the seeker attains certainty in a higher realm, which is the divine realm. Ultimately, human takes the final step on the path of perfection and, as they become purer in the clear waters of the realm of intellect, they realize the source of this water and attain absolute grace and the divine realm. The Suleimaniah Spring and its building in the cliffs of the mountains near the garden are the same divine realm. A realm where grace, kindness, and mercy flow through all levels of existence and here throughout the entire garden, and after nourishing the garden, it reaches the physical world and flows into the city to bring purity and joy. Thus, the realm of intellect is superior to the realm of imagination, and the realm of imagination is superior to the realm of matter. This water, which is the same as divine grace, is a symbol of paradise and the source of life. Conclusion In this recitation, the Persian garden is a kind of ritual act that shows a set of signs of the great universe in the small garden world. The Persian garden is a translation of Iranian thought and perspective on existence, the world, and a place for the connection of form and meaning. In Sadra's wisdom, existence has destinations towards the spiritual end, which refers to the crossing from one world to another to connect. Walking the way, in the Persian garden, along the axis of water, trees, and vision is done with the desire to reach the final home (garden pavilion) and find the luminous source of water, and thus Sadra's existence is comparable to the hierarchy of the Persian garden. The present article intends to interpret this comparison in order to show that in the structure of companionship, one can find synonyms between the two, in the level of form and meaning, and in the meantime, architecture as the embodiment of the levels of existence could manifest the behavior towards the truth. This feeling and this spiritual background create two inseparable feelings. It means escaping from the world that is to the world that should be. So man expresses his desire in the arts. He sings, weaves, builds, wishes, and so on. In other words, in this re-reading of the garden, it is nothing but the esoteric aspect of creation.  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/44659Iranian Garden Sadra Wisdom Hierarchy of garden architecture system Degrees of existence Kashan Fin Garden.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-1114546381articleDistinction of Architectural Privacy Components Affected by Differences in Lifestyle in Eastern and Western CulturesHasan Naseri AzghandiHa.Naseriaz@iau.ac.ir1mohsen tabassitabassi_mohsen@yahoo.com2hassan rezaeirezaei.h@mshdiau.ac.ir3Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Torbat heydarieh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Torbat heydarieh, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.Common features and differences in the architecture of different regions are the result of sharing and differences in tradition, religion, culture, lifestyle, and other factors in which architecture has grown. One of the most important factors is the cultural factor and the way of life that has caused different forms of architecture. Among these formal distinctions, we can mention how privacy is manifested in architecture, which is manifested in different ways according to culture and beliefs, lifestyle, as well as climatic and natural conditions. Examining the sources shows that there is not much affinity between the concept of privacy in Western culture and the concept of privacy in Eastern culture.   Keywords: Privacy, Lifestyle, Architecture, East Culture, West Culture.     Objectives In this approach, the eastern region includes societies whose cultural pattern is based on religious and traditional patterns with an emphasis on the Islamic point of view, and geographical boundaries are not established. In this regard, Shahrivar and his colleagues believe that the Islamic city is based on the knowledge of Islamic commands derived from the Qur'an, and environmental, social, and cultural conditions. Therefore, orientalists compare the Islamic city with the Western city (Shahrivar et al., 1400). Therefore, the main research question is what different cultural conditions and lifestyles have caused the architectural privacy components. It will cover the difference between two semantic and physical fields. Based on this, the hypothesis that the researchers are seeking to validate is that changing conditions both in the cultural field and in the way of life lead to different priorities and as a result, the goals and results are different in how to achieve architectural privacy.   Research Methodology The current research, with the content analysis approach, has used logical reasoning in order to reach the result. Data collection is in accordance with documentary and library studies that describe a phenomenon in two different cultural contexts in order to extract existing distinctions. The research method will be descriptive and analytical. Based on this, in the current research, the culture and lifestyle in the West and the East are the independent variables of the research, and the dependent variable of the research is the perceptual and physical components of privacy.   Results Privacy in Architecture Both physical and cognitive components play a role in the formation of privacy. In this connection, in their article, Bemanian and Rastjoo propose two components for privacy as a cultural concept, which are: the perceptual component and the physical component (Bemanian and Rastjoo, 2016). Bemanian and Rastjo believe that having privacy in the physical domain with the aim of shaping spatial security emphasizes hierarchical order, and in the semantic domain based on the formation of types of privacy, it is the characteristics that cause respect and value in the architectural space in such a way that one feels calm. From the results of the studies, it can be deduced that the hierarchical order guides the formation of privacy in the physical domain, and in the perceptual domain, with the aim of creating peace, emphasis has been placed on the formation of different types of privacy. Privacy can be examined from two angles: personal privacy and social privacy. With the aim of maintaining human relations, social privacy has taken an Instrumental view on the necessity of forming privacy; However, personal privacy in the pursuit of creating respect and value based on the relationship of a group of people who have a special relationship has caused a valuable view at the issue of privacy.   Privacy in Eastern and Western culture In the definition of privacy in Western culture, four views or terms can be seen which are: the words "Alone and Free", "Private Information", "Control" and finally a composite view that aims at privacy, loneliness, and anonymity (Shahriari, 2020). Butin the eastern culture, in harmony with Islamic culture, privacy becomes important (Noghrekar et al., 2013). The comparison of views in Eastern and Western cultures shows that solitude is a characteristic of space that leads to loneliness, but privacy has a human characteristic that is the cause of intimacy and closeness. The set of these factors determines two types of views on privacy: The value view and the instrumental view. The value view emphasizes the perceptual and semantic field of privacy, and the instrumental view seeks its solutions in the physical field. Based on this, the current research is focused on identifying the distinctions between the two cognitive and physical domains that represent the border between East and West.   Differentiating The Perceptual And Physical Aspects Of Privacy In Eastern Culture From Solitude And Territory In Western Culture Solitude emphasizes the private aspects of a person's life, and confidentiality implies the relationship of a group of people who have a special relationship. Based on the above definitions, the respect and value that exists in privacy and encourages a person to defend it against strangers distinguishes the word privacy from solitude. According to the difference of views that consider hierarchy as a factor in the formation of spatial territories or as a requirement for access to other levels, hierarchy can be studied in two categories: legal hierarchy and real hierarchy. Legal Hierarchy: Legal hierarchies are determined based on laws or customs. In this case, various factors such as walls, fences, doors, and even a line define the limits of space and territories. Although these elements are legal or customary obstacles for the human body, they are not an obstacle to the penetration of other human senses such as hearing and sight. For this reason, this type of hierarchy tends to be extroversion. This type of hierarchy is in accordance with the western concept of territoriality. True Hierarchy: In this type, the levels and spatial volumes are separated from other territories with their own special identity. In this case, the possibility of connecting different territories at once disappears. Such hierarchies play an essential role in giving body to the idea of introversion. This type of hierarchy of secrecy is in accordance with the eastern concept. The set of factors shows that the components of privacy, after entering the perceptual and physical domain, define the perceptual and physical elements in the architectural domain, that the physical elements define spatial boundaries, and the perceptual elements emphasize the sensory controllers and access to the architectural space.   Conclusion Privacy as a cultural concept that first appears in the lifestyle and then in the architecture appropriate to the lifestyle, is subject to the type of view and goals that define the culture of the society in question. For this reason, the components of privacy in architecture are different from each other based on the difference in lifestyle, point of view, and goals in Eastern and Western cultures. The components of privacy can be studied in two categories: cognitive and physical components. The perceptual components of privacy are in line with responding to the subjective aspect of the lifestyle, and the physical components of privacy appear in line with the objective aspect of the lifestyle. Although in the contemporary era, due to changes in various objective and preferred aspects of lifestyle, the desire for spatial independence has been manifested in the physical system of houses, but in the Eastern culture, privacy based on customs, beliefs and opinions with the aim of creating dignity and value for human beings, the approach of separating personal privacy has considered to a certain extent by emphasizing the separation of men and women; Therefore, all the perceptual components of privacy with the aim of creating personal privacy follow a value perspective and cause psychological security; But the western culture, with the aim of preserving human relations, seeks privacy as a tool to create social privacy in a relative and variable manner. In the field of the physical components of privacy, which is aimed at creating spatial and functional hierarchies, the eastern view shows a tendency towards introversion by creating real hierarchies, which is in line with the value view of privacy; But in the western view, by creating legal hierarchies based on legal rules or customs, it tends to be extraverted in line with the instrumental view of privacy. Territoriality is the result of this kind of view of privacy; Therefore, based on the type of cultural view of privacy, the amount and manner of using physical and cognitive elements in architecture will be different.http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/41629Privacy Lifestyle Architecture East Culture West Culture.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-11145483100articleRanking The Definitions of Architecture Based on Islamic Understanding and Knowing the UniverseAli Delzendeheindal@chmail.ir1heydar jahanbakhshheydar.jahanbakhsh.arc@gmail.com2Hossein Moradi Nasabmoradinasab_h@yahoo.com3MohammadReza BemanianBemanian@modares.ac.ir4Hassan Zolfagharzadehhzolfagharzadeh@yahoo.com5PhD Researcher in Architecture, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran. Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran.Professor, Department of Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.In order to achieve a comprehensive and complete definition of architecture to identify the hidden facts in the creation of architectural impact is necessary to do some actions to understand two aspects of architecture based on universe and wisdom understanding. Based on analyzing the Islamic wisdom system thesis presenting a comprehensive meaning of architecture. This article has a kind of descriptive and analytic approach from one side of view and in that way, we use analysing of content. This general approach of the article is qualitative and in various processes of doing this research style of logical-analytic approach of description and theoretical choices on the basis of mind and logic and gathering of experts thoughts were used. Analysis and interpretation of experts and schools in relation to defining the meaning of architecture in the style of understanding the universe and life were checked. This approach of the article is analytic and matching. The results generally show that the present definitions of architecture are facts that were made in a special kind of thinking system. These facts because of looking at details of the thinking system have the necessary comprehensiveness and just include some parts of the wisdom system and can be used as human experience in offering the meaning of architecture. Ranking and leveling of results will show that there is a frequent level of understanding of the universe and a group of wisdom understanding in the creation of architecture which began in scientific life understanding and continued to monotheistic life understanding.   Keywords: definition, architecture, Islamic understanding, Islamic understanding of the universe, leveling and ranking based on wisdom.   Introduction: Knowing the facts and essence of different definitions of architecture, which are the birth of different intellectual systems, they find a correct and acceptable form and concept by crossing each other, and they can provide a comprehensive definition of architecture, provided that we can identify them with a complete and comprehensive intellectual system and Let's categorize. In other words, since one can succeed in knowing the truths hidden in the creation of an architectural work only by achieving an analytical and broad understanding of architecture, one must reach a comprehensive concept of architecture, which requires understanding architecture in the scope of impressions and findings from architecture based on comprehensive order and insight. It is targeted to be able to provide the context to achieve that comprehensive definition. This method, in addition to providing a context for compiling comprehensive definitions of architecture through the experiences of others, prevents simplistic, general, and imposed perceptions of the form and specific conditions of the time, and the facts of architecture are known through the recognition of the existence of concepts in the entirety of architecture (Taqvai, 77: 2010). The main problem of this research is to examine the ways of looking at Islamic architecture and its leveling and ranking based on a comprehensive intellectual system that can be used to achieve a comprehensive definition of architecture. This action is necessary to know the hidden truths in the creation of architectural works and finally the methods of creating architectural works. Since we are looking for the definition of Islamic architecture, it is necessary to know the works in the framework of the cognitive components of Islam. On the other hand, Islamic epistemology considers architecture to be a part of existence due to the authenticity of the object or work of architecture in knowledge, and from this point of view, the scope of searching for meanings and concepts includes a wide range of insights and knowledge. In Islamic epistemology, the tools of knowledge and its methods and their epistemological results are not the only ones, but rather all the tools and methods are located along each other and can bring human knowledge from the level of existence to its superior depth and from the material dimensions of human existence to his intellectual and spiritual dimensions. (Noghrekar, 21:2010). This is despite the fact that in the present era, the exclusive view has reduced the totality of art and architecture to the combination of its constituent parts due to the separation of the object and the mind, and the originality of the mind, as well as the knowledge of the truth, has been made dependent on human perceptions and mentalities, and the creation of architecture has been defined on the basis of one of its components.   Research Methodology after stating the introduction and the necessity of the research, identifying the meanings and concepts of architecture and considering its definitions and examining the concept of architecture from the point of view of theorists, then by stating the issue of Islamic epistemology and explaining it in the field of architecture, presenting the model of knowledge of Islamic architecture and analyzing The definitions of the theorists of architecture are discussed in its format, and finally, the leveling and ranking of the definitions of architecture are presented. In Table (1), the foundation, purpose, necessity, approach, subject, question, hypothesis, and research writing model, and in Diagram (1) the structure of the research is presented.   Results  Based on these studies, the classification and classification of thought systems that are placed at the level of the divine worldview, due to being placed at higher intellectual levels, have the capacity to achieve a greater breadth of opinion and inclusion than human-oriented schools. Transversal levels also include a wider range of sciences and can provide a more comprehensive definition of architecture. At this level, semanticist, existentialist, relativistic, and realist systems of thought are placed in other ranks. Thought patterns that have more comprehensiveness provide a more comprehensive and restrictive definition than architecture. And those with higher ranks achieve higher levels of architectural definitions.   Conclusion  The results of the research, especially the classification of the results in the leveling and zoning diagram, show us that there is an ontological hierarchy and an epistemological zone in the emergence of architecture as a representation of the legitimacy of the artifact and its presence in the natural world, which starts from the scientific worldview and continues to the monotheistic worldview. Each of these three hierarchies is necessary for the identification, dynamics, and formation of architectural work since architectural sciences are interdisciplinary sciences and include all epistemological sciences. Based on this research, in each period of this hierarchical system, we can define and shape a type of Islamic architecture. Therefore, the supreme goal of architecture based on Islamic thought is the formation of sacred architecture based on all human and divine knowledge, insights, and ideas, and as long as we cannot achieve this level of comprehensiveness in intellectual systems, it is impossible to present architecture with fundamentalist and completely humane concepts that fit the dimensions of human existence. Therefore, in order to define Islamic architecture from an external point of view (ontology), one must distance oneself from it and consider its totality in relation to other objects, and define it. He approached and understood it. Also, for a comprehensive and comprehensive definition of architecture, Islamic epistemology, and ontology should be taken as the basis of the definition and concept of architecture. In the definition of Islamic architecture, all levels and all areas should be involved with a holistic view. Therefore, in summary, the definition of architecture can be presented in the presented framework as follows: architecture is a work emanating from a religious, philosophical, and scientific worldview and is formed on the basis of sense, reason, and heart, and the resulting works respond to the material and spiritual needs of man and are the most complete and It will be the most effective works.  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/41039definition architecture Islamic understanding Islamic understanding of the universe leveling and ranking based on wisdom.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-111454101118articleThe Impact of Dynamic Supply Chain on the Performance of Urban Electronic Services in the Historical Context of YazdNajmeh rezaei sadrabadiNajmeh.rezaei.sadrabadi@gmail.com1Hossein MoinzadMoinzad@gmail.com2mohammadali keramatimohammadalikeramati@yahoo.com3Ph.D. Department of Information Technology Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Iranian-Islamic cities have witnessed several developments over time. In the current era, with the advancement of technology, the necessity of providing urban electronic services to improve the quality of life of citizens is felt more than ever. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of a dynamic supply chain on the performance of urban electronic services in the historical context of Yazd city. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. To collect data, documentary methods with library and field tools were used, and a sample of 250 people was selected by simple random sampling. The results of the research showed that a dynamic supply chain plays a key role in improving the performance of urban electronic services in the historical context of Yazd city.   Keywords: Dynamic Supply Chain, Electronic Services, Historical Context.   Introduction Nowadays, population growth and the increase in migration to cities have led to the uncontrollable development of urban areas, the creation of new settlements, a decrease in the level of human welfare, and the occurrence of many problems for urban managers, especially in developing countries (Delbazeh et al., 2021: 99). The historical texture of cities is a part of the country's capitals, which are not only valuable in terms of aesthetics, the continuity of collective memories, and identity, but also the place of residence of a significant part of the population of cities. The increasing growth of the dimensions of urbanization and the complexity of the nature of urban issues have caused the emphasis and attention of managers and planners to be focused more than ever on the lower levels and the full dimensions of citizens' lives. The supply chain is the key unit of competition in today's business environment. This approach aims to improve the performance, profitability, and competitiveness of supply chain business partners. However, contemporary supply chains are exposed to various risks, including supply disruptions, supply delays, and demand fluctuations (Lin et al., 2020: 2020). Dynamic capabilities are the ability of a company to integrate and rebuild resources in order to adapt to changes in the external environment (Sadeghi & Ghasemi, 2021: 125). The development of e-cities in the world is moving rapidly and has created many opportunities for people's living, working, and recreational environments. Providing communication infrastructure, networking, human software, security infrastructure, and the development of information institutions are among the prerequisites for the establishment of an electronic city. Creating an electronic city and stepping into the age of information technology is an undeniable opportunity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dynamic supply chain on the performance of urban electronic services in the historical context of Yazd city. In order to obtain a preliminary list, by reviewing the studies, the indicators have been identified and categorized and presented in Table(1).   Table (1) Dynamic Supply Chain Indicators <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="147"> Researchers </td> <td width="96"> Indicators </td> <td width="210"> Sub-Indicators </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Thunberg & Persson(2014) Harris(2006) Rodrigo (2018) </td> <td width="96"> Reliability </td> <td width="210"> Timeliness of orders, reasonable quantity of orders, good quality of orders </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Meng et al. (2018) Harris (2018) </td> <td width="96"> Agility </td> <td width="210"> Rapid response to dynamic and unpredictable changes, ability to respond real-time to changes in customer needs </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Kokaoglu et al. (2013) Harris (2018) </td> <td width="96"> Responsiveness </td> <td width="210"> Reduced response time to customers' needs, speed in decision-making </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Kokaoglu et al. (2013) Harris (2018) Henry et al. (2017) </td> <td width="96"> Flexibility </td> <td width="210"> Ability to respond to changes and external influences, ability to change </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Bai et al ( 2012) Harris (2018) Ricardo (2018) </td> <td width="96"> Cost </td> <td width="210"> Operating cost of processes, labor costs, raw material costs, transportation costs, cost of goods sold, cost of supply chain management </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="147"> Kokaoglu et al. (2013) Harris (2018) </td> <td width="96"> Asset </td> <td width="210"> Inventory Reduction, Fixed Asset Return </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Table (2) Indicators of Urban Electronic Services <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="201"> Researchers </td> <td width="110"> Indicators </td> <td width="210"> Sub-Indicators </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Baku and Capocco (2012) Bowie et al. (2018) </td> <td width="110"> Human Factors </td> <td width="210"> Talent, Innovation, Creativity, Education </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Meng et al. (2018) Harris (2018) </td> <td width="110"> Social factors </td> <td width="210"> Traditions, Habits, Religion, Family Relationship </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Kokaoglu et al. (2013) Harris (2018) </td> <td width="110"> Environmental factors </td> <td width="210"> Energy Policies, Water and Waste Management, Vision </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Kokaoglu et al. (2013) Harris (2018) Henry et al. (2017) </td> <td width="110"> Institutional Factors </td> <td width="210"> Urban Management, Administrative Officials, Elections </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Erickson et al. (2011) Kubisek and H. Holzer (2016) </td> <td width="110"> Economic factors </td> <td width="210"> Manpower and skilled labor, communication facilities of superior technologies, connection of open and abundant networks, commercial and creative activities </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="201"> Zoho (2016) Boom Stone and Yigit Kanlar (2022) Sahu (2016) Elliott et al(2015) </td> <td width="110"> Factors of Technology Development </td> <td width="210"> Digital Infrastructure Ranking, 4G LTE, Internet Speed, Wireless Internet Subscription Centers, Smartphone Extension </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   In line with the research findings, the following hypotheses were proposed: Positive and Significant Impact <ol> <li>Reliability of Dynamic Supply Chain on Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Agilityof Dynamic Supply Chain on Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Responsiveness of Dynamic Supply Chain to Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Flexibility of Dynamic Supply Chain on Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Cost of Dynamic Supply Chain on Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Asset of Dynamic Supply Chain on Urban Electronic Services</li> <li>Dynamic supply chain on the performance of urban electronic services</li> </ol>   Research Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research methodology and based on structural equation modeling based on partial least squares which has been done with Smart-PLS software. The data required for this research have been collected through documentary methods using library and field tools (questionnaires). In this research, the theoretical literature and the background of previous research were reviewed based on library studies including books, articles, and related sites. The statistical population of this study is people familiar with the topic of urban electronic services and dynamic supply chains in the historical context of Yazd city, and a sample of 250 experts of companies and organizations located in Yazd Science and Technology Park were selected by simple random sampling method and were examined by a questionnaire whose items ranged from one (very low) to seven (very high) based on Likert scale. In analyzing the obtained data, using the capabilities of SPSS, Excel, and pls-Smart software, structural equations based on variance with partial least squares method were used. In this study, in order to test the reliability of the variables, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the combined coefficient, the extracted mean-variance (AVE) was used to calculate the validity of the variables and also to investigate the relationships of the research effect paths (t-statistic value and path alpha coefficient). It should be noted that the scope of this research in temporal and spatial dimensions is related to the winter of 1402 (2024) in the historical context of Yazd city.   Research Findings   Table (3) PLS Algorithm Output (Reliability Test of Measurement Models) <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="169"> Indicators </td> <td width="125"> Cronbach's alpha coefficient </td> <td width="113"> Combined/Shared Reliability </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Reliability </td> <td width="125"> 0/980 </td> <td width="113"> 0/987 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Agility </td> <td width="125"> 0/963 </td> <td width="113"> 0/982 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Responsiveness </td> <td width="125"> 0/954 </td> <td width="113"> 0/978 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Flexibility </td> <td width="125"> 0/965 </td> <td width="113"> 0/983 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Cost </td> <td width="125"> 0/975 </td> <td width="113"> 0/980 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Asset </td> <td width="125"> 0/897 </td> <td width="113"> 0/983 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Human Factors </td> <td width="125"> 0/948 </td> <td width="113"> 0/963 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Social factors </td> <td width="125"> 0/969 </td> <td width="113"> 0/977 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Environmental factors </td> <td width="125"> 0/949 </td> <td width="113"> 0/967 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Institutional Factors </td> <td width="125"> 0/927 </td> <td width="113"> 0/954 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Economic factors </td> <td width="125"> 0/973 </td> <td width="113"> 0/980 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="169"> Factors of Technology Development </td> <td width="125"> 0/958 </td> <td width="113"> 0/968 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Table (4) Convergence Validity of Indices (Extracted Mean of Variance) <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="181"> Indicators </td> <td width="132"> Extracted Average Variance (AVE) </td> <td width="113"> Index (Rho-a) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Reliability </td> <td width="132"> 0/961 </td> <td width="113"> 0/981 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Agility </td> <td width="132"> 0/965 </td> <td width="113"> 0/964 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Responsiveness </td> <td width="132"> 0/956 </td> <td width="113"> 0/954 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Flexibility </td> <td width="132"> 0/966 </td> <td width="113"> 0/965 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Cost </td> <td width="132"> 0/889 </td> <td width="113"> 0/976 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Asset </td> <td width="132"> 0/907 </td> <td width="113"> 901 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Human Factors </td> <td width="132"> 0/868 </td> <td width="113"> 0/952 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Social factors </td> <td width="132"> 0/915 </td> <td width="113"> 0/970 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Environmental factors </td> <td width="132"> 0/908 </td> <td width="113"> 0/951 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Institutional Factors </td> <td width="132"> 0/872 </td> <td width="113"> 0/930 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Economic factors </td> <td width="132"> 0/924 </td> <td width="113"> 0/974 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="181"> Factors of Technology Development </td> <td width="132"> 0/856 </td> <td width="113"> 0/959 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Table (5) Structural Model Test <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="189"> Hypothesis </td> <td width="63"> Impact Factor (Beta) </td> <td width="74"> T Statistic Value </td> <td width="73"> Decision Criteria (Sig) </td> <td width="78"> Track Test Result </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Reliability of Dynamic Supply Chainon Urban Electronic Services </td> <td width="63"> 0/934 </td> <td width="74"> 127/861 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Agility of Dynamic Supply Chain </td> <td width="63"> 0/882 </td> <td width="74"> 63/314 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Responsiveness of Dynamic Supply Chain </td> <td width="63"> 0/918 </td> <td width="74"> 136/803 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Flexibility of Dynamic Supply Chain </td> <td width="63"> 0/949 </td> <td width="74"> 180/211 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Cost of Dynamic Supply Chain </td> <td width="63"> 0/971 </td> <td width="74"> 363/176 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Asset of Dynamic Supply Chain </td> <td width="63"> 0/952 </td> <td width="74"> 211/046 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="189"> Dynamic supply chainon the performance of urban electronic services </td> <td width="63"> 0/888 </td> <td width="74"> 82/660 </td> <td width="73"> 0/000 </td> <td width="78"> Approved </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>                                                       =0.797 GOF=   Conclusion The aim of this study was to measure the impact of a dynamic supply chain on the performance of urban electronic services in the historical context of Yazd city. In this study, using structural equation modeling and using Smart PLS software, the factors and items of dynamic supply chain and urban electronic services were identified. The results of the research showed that there is a significant, consistent and strong relationship between a dynamic supply chain and urban electronic services in the historical context of Yazd city, and urban electronic services can be explained and predicted through a dynamic supply chain (its six indicators) at the rate of 0.788. In this regard, the results have shown that the indicators of cost, reliability, flexibility, accountability, asset, and agility are the most important indicators of the dynamic supply chain, respectively, which have a significant and strong effect on urban electronic services.  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/46708Dynamic Supply Chain Electronic Services Historical Context.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282024-111454119140articleExamining the Role of the Yard in improving the functional efficiency of Iranian schools (Case study: Meravi, Alborz, Kamal, and Salman Schools)FARZANEH NARIMANInarimanii.farzane@gmail.com1malihe taghipoormalihe_taghipour@yahoo.com2Aliakbar Heidaryaliakbarheidari.iust@gmail.com3PHD Researcher, Department of Architecture, ShirPh.D of Architecture, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.az Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture,Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.The courtyard has a special place in the spatial structure of traditional Iranian architecture and in addition to climatic and geographical applications, it has also been important from the point of view of architectural and functional design. The suitable landscape for the surrounding spaces has overshadowed the quality of their access as well as the type and extent of their use by users. This essential member of Iranian schools has been removed from the spatial physical structure of many schools due to the lack of land and due to the density of buildings, or its location has been changed, and its role in changing the functional function of the building is ignored. This has pushed the purpose of the current research to investigate the role of the courtyard on the functional efficiency of schools, on this basis, factors such as the type of geometry of the courtyard in the configuration of the building, and its location were considered as indicators in the current research, and therefore, in general, the research method It will be quantitative and qualitative and four schools with traditional, contemporary and modern designs were selected as case examples and the analyzes related to measuring functional efficiency were carried out on them using two methods of drawing graphs and using Depthmap software. Finally, the results of the research show The existence of a courtyard with a central pattern and with a rectangular or square geometry creates the greatest amount of functional efficiency, flexibility, integrity, and also the ability to access the spaces in schools.   Keywords: Functional Efficiency, School, Space Syntax, Spatial Arrangement, Yard.   Introduction  The courtyard is one of the main elements in schools, which has long played an important role in social and religious functions. The courtyard element has a special place in the spatial structure of the school, and in addition to climatic applications, it has also been very important from a functional point of view, meaning that in the construction of a school, in cases where the intention of building a school with a courtyard was in the mind of the builders, at first the courtyard was located with a completely regular shape in the configuration of the building, and then other elements such as cells, porches, etc. were erected around it. (Aminzadeh, 2008). The central courtyard is considered to be a sign of Muslims' feelings towards the space, especially the spiritual space, and later it reached its peak in the Islamic architectural culture in terms of functionality and symbolism. It is obvious that centrality in Islam is a symbol of unity and the basis It is a reflection of the quality in which unity is hidden (Jaafari et al., 2015). Taking this into account, it seems that the central courtyard was considered not only in the geometrical and spatial structure of the school building but also as a unifying factor and a place for presence. People's interaction is also considered an urban space and this confirms its social and cultural importance (Heydari and others, 2015). This means that when a space is placed in a specific configuration in such a way that the amount of penetration of unrelated activities in it is reduced and the possibility of providing services to adjacent spaces is increased, it can be better used by users, and in such a case, the space is efficient. It is considered to have a higher functional efficiency (2013: Mostafa & Hassan). This is despite the fact that in today's schools, due to the density of buildings and the problems related to land, in many schools, the yard has been removed from the body of space or its location has been changed in terms of configuration. This means that in the construction of the school, what remains after the construction of the building is used under the title of the courtyard (Heidari et al., 2015). Therefore, it is obvious that in such a situation, the courtyard no longer has its unifying nature and has become only a place for passing. Accordingly, the present research, while analyzing the courtyard in the past and contemporary architecture of schools, analyzes its role in the functional efficiency of the building. According to indicators such as its position in the configuration of the space as well as having a regular or irregular geometry, it analyzes this importance. With this explanation, the research questions can be examined in the form of the following: As one of the main elements in the configuration of schools, how can the courtyard affect the improvement of its functional efficiency? Considering the necessity of the courtyard in improving the functional efficiency of schools, what is the most suitable geometrical structure of the courtyard? How is the proper location of the yard in order to improve the functional efficiency of schools?   Research Methodology As mentioned in the introduction section, the main purpose of the current research is to analyze and investigate the role of Hayat in improving the functional efficiency of traditional and contemporary schools in Iran. For this purpose, two variables "location" and "geometric design or yard position" were introduced in the spatial system of the school as an independent variable and the functional efficiency of the yard as a dependent variable. Therefore, first of all, a set of indicators should be extracted that affect the level of operational efficiency of an environment, especially educational environments; Therefore, in the first stage of this research, after stating different definitions of this concept, the set of factors that influence its promotion were introduced. This finally led to the extraction of the theoretical framework in which indicators were introduced, therefore, in order to examine the indicators in this regard, they were extracted from the analysis of the graphs related to each of the case samples. The indices of "connection" and "connection", "depth", "the degree of concavity and convexity of space" and "axial space" can be extracted using Depthmap software. Syntax of space is a theory and a tool for analysis in architecture and urban planning. With this description, The research method in the current study is descriptive-analytical as well as logical reasoning using comparative analogy, in this regard, two quantitative and qualitative strategies are used in order to extract and analyze the findings. The method of collecting information has also been done in the form of library studies and field observations.   Conclusion The main goal of the current research is to investigate the role of the yard in improving the functional efficiency of schools. The findings showed that in the conditions where traditional schools had a central courtyard pattern with surrounding cells, it had created greater permeability to the school space and increased spatial integration, control and connection. This provided the grounds for more use of the yard as one of the main spaces of the school, as well as the possibility of spatial planning in the form of a hierarchical system, a connection with the context of the neighborhood, which would also be effective in promoting urban interactions and increase the quality of interactions and make the school from a purely educational space to the center of social developments, while in contemporary and modern schools, reducing the connection with the city and the neighborhood, reducing the connection between open and closed space, reducing the importance and elimination of semi-open space, reducing the importance of open space and organizing open space and The organization of the interior space centered on the corridor, as well as their buildings, are gradually more extroverted and more visually connected with the body of the street, but in terms of social interactions, they are separate from the residents of the neighborhood, and it is a sign of the reduction of the social role of schools. The spatial integration between the yard and the school space was severely reduced and the physical and (sometimes visual) access of the spaces to the yard was completely limited. In the end, it is important to mention that the current research does not claim that the central courtyard type in traditional schools always creates the best values in relation to functional efficiency indicators such as connection, connection and depth, etc. pointed out From the values obtained from these indicators, it has been proven that traditional schools with a central courtyard are in a better condition from the point of view of functional efficiency indicators than schools where the courtyard is located on one side and the body of space on the other side.  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/41990Functional Efficiency School Space Syntax Spatial Arrangement Yard.