تدوین چارچوب مفهومی تاب آوری شهری به منظور ارائه کاربست آن در ادبیات شهرسازی از طریق تحلیل مضمون متون
محورهای موضوعی : مفاهیم بنیادین در شهرسازی و معماری اسلامیمحمد صابر اسلاملو 1 , منوچهر طبیبیان 2 * , مهتا میرمقتدایی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی از دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قزوین، ایران
2 - استاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
3 - استادیار مرکز تحقیقات راه، مسکن و شهرسازی تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: تاب آوری شهری, معرفت شناسی, چارچوب مفهومی, تحلیل مضمون,
چکیده مقاله :
تاب‌آوری شهری رویکردی نوین، به منظور پاسخگویی به انواع مخاطرات طبیعی و انسان‌ساخت است. این فرض وجود دارد که علاوه بر ویژگی هایی چون ظرفیت های شهری و استقامت هنگام مخاطرات وجوه دیگری نیز وجود دارد که باید آن ها را یافت. هدف این مقاله ارائه چارچوب مفهومی تاب‌آوری شهری و ذکر ویژ‌گی‌های آن از طریق مرور جامع منابع تاب‌آوری می باشد. همچنین تعریف کاملی از تاب‌آوری شهری مطابق نتایج بیان شده و در نهایت به بازخوانی داده‌های کیفی به منظور روشن نمودن زوایای پنهان تاب آوری شهری پرداخته شده است. روش تحقیق پژوهش حاضر کیفی بوده و از روش تحلیل مضمون به کمک نرم‌افزار MAXQDA 13.28 بهره گرفته شده است. در این راستا مجموعه 100 منبعی از تعاریف تاب‌آوری به عنوان داده گردآوری شد و مطابق تحلیل مضمون ویژگی های شش‌گانه چارچوب مفهومی تاب‌آوری شهری تحت عنوان R1 تا R6 استخراج شد. به منظور اثبات نتایج بدست آمده، علاوه بر طرح و اخذ تایید در پنل متخصصین، تصدیق استفاده از این واژه‌ها در میان 1250 مقاله چاپ شده در مجلات بین‌المللی تحت نمایه استنادی علمی سامسون رویترز1 از سال 2010 تا 2020 (مقالاتی با کلید واژه «تاب آوری شهری2» به زبان انگلیسی) به کمک نرم‌افزار Cite Space بررسی و نتایج تایید شد. از نظر محققین این مقاله تعریف تاب‌آوری شهری: «توانایی پاسخگویی به‌هنگام شهرها و استقامت در شرایط وقوع مخاطرات طبیعی و انسان‌ساخت است که ضمن سازگاری و هماهنگی با شرایط جدید، در صورت عدم فروپاشی و به شرط یادگیری شهروندان، قدرتمندتر از گذشته به کارکرد شهری خود ادامه می‌دهد» می باشد.
Urban resilience is an approach, developed to respond to different unpredictable disasters. It is hypothesized that besides capacity, resistance and ability, there are other elements involved in urban resilience that have to be extracted. It seeks to develop a conceptual framework for urban resilience and to present its characteristics through a systematic review of the updated publications. Second, it proposes an inclusive definition of urban resilience, relying on the results of this study, finally, the qualitative data are reviewed to shed light on hidden aspects of urban resilience. This is a qualitative research in which thematic analysis, MAXQDA 13.28 software is used to understand and analyze the data. A collection of 100 publications containing definition of resilience was gathered as data, based on which six characteristics for conceptual framework of urban resilience were extracted as R1 to R6. The extracted results, were confirmed by expert panel and also the keywords were used in CiteSpace software to confirm their inclusion in 1250 published papers in the international journals under WOS index over the period of 2010 to 2020 (i.e. the papers which had ‘urban resilience’ and ‘urban resiliency’ phrases in their topics) and the results were supported. The authors define: “urban resilience is ability of cities to respond in timely manner and to resist during occurring natural or man-made disasters; while adapting and coordinating with new situations, in case of not being collapsed, they will continue their urban functions stronger than the past.”
حسینیون، سولماز (1393)، «تاب آوری شهری، تعاریف، کاربردها و ظرفیت های تاب آوری (بخش یکم)»، مجله بن، شماره 98-99، تابستان و پاییز، صص 77-82.
رضوی، سید مصطفی؛ مرتضی اکبری؛ مرتضی جعفرزاده و محمدرضا زالی (1392)، بازکاوی روش تحقیق آمیخته، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران.
سامانی، سیامک؛ بهرام جوکار و نرگش صحراگرد (1386)، «تا ب آوری، سلامت روانی و رضایت مندی از زندگی»، مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، سال 13، شمار 3، پاییز.
قائدی، محمدرضا و علیرضا گلشنی (1395)، «روش تحلیل محتوا، از کمی گرایی تا کیفی گرایی»، نشریه روش ها و مدل های روان شناختی، سال 7، شماره 23، بهار، صص 57- 82.
Abunnasr, Yaser (2013), Climate change adaptation: A green infrastructure planning framework for resilient urban regions, Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest, AAI3603045.
Adger, W.N. (2000),Social ecological resilience: Are they related?, Progres in Human Geography, 24, No 3, 347- 364.
Ahern, J. (2011),From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in thenew urban world, Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 341–343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016.j.landurbplan.2011.02.021.
Ahmed, R., Seedat, M., van Niekerk, A., & Bulbulia, S. (2004),Discerning community resilience in disadvantaged communities in the context of violence and injury prevention, South African Journal of Psychology, 34, 386–408.
Alberti, M., Marzluff, J. M., Shulenberger, E., Bradley, G., Ryan, C., & Zumbrunnen, C.(2003),Integrating humans into ecology: Opportunities and challenges forstudying urban ecosystems, BioScience, 53(12), 1169–1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1169:IHIEOA]2.0.CO;2.
Alwang, J Siegel, PB & Jorgensen, SL. (2001),Vulnerability: a view from different disciplines, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, the World Bank, viewed 02 October 2008, American Planning Association, 72(2), 141–146.
Asprone, D., & Latora, V. (2013),Urban network resilience analysis in case ofearthquakes, In G. Deodatis, B. R. Ellingwood, & D. M. Frangopol (Eds.), Safety,reliability, risk and life-cycle performance of structures & infrastructures (pp.4069–4075). London, UK: CRC Press. Australia––Arizona State University, USA––Stockholm University, Sweden. http://www.ehs.unu.edu/file/get/3648.
Barreiro, João; Lopes, Ruth; Ferreira, Filipa; Brito, Rita; João Telhado, Maria; Saldanha Matos, José& Saldanha Matos, Rafaela (2020), Assessing Urban Resilience in Complex and Dynamic Systems: The RESCCUE Project Approach in Lisbon Research Site, Sustainability 2020, 12, 8931.
Beilin, R., & Wilkinson, C. (2015),Introduction: Governing for urban resilience. Urban Studies, 52(7), 1205–1217.
Bodin, P.& Wiman, B. (2004),Resilience and other stability concepts in ecology: Notes on their origin. Validity and usefulness, ESS Bulletin, 2, pp. 33-34.
Boon, Helen J. Cottrell, Alison. King, David. Stevenson, Robert B.& Millar, Joanne (2012),Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory for modelling community resilience to natural disasters, Nat Hazards, 60, 381–408 DOI 10.1007/s11069-011-0021-4.
Brown, A., Dayal, A., & Rumbaitis Del Rio, C. (2012),From practice to theory:Emerging lessons from Asia for building urban climate change resilience, Environment and Urbanization, 24(2), 531–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247812456490.
Brown, D., Kulling, J. (1996),The concept of resiliency: Theoretical lessons from community research, Health and Canadian society, 4, 29-52.
Brugmann, J. (2012),Financing the resilient city, Environment and Urbanization,24(1), 215–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247812437130.
Bruneau, M.S.E.; Chang, R.T.; Eguchi, G.C.; Lee, T.D.; O’Rourke, A. M.; Reinhorn, M.; Shinozuka, K.T.; Tierney, W.A.; Wallace & D. von Winterfeldt (2003),A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities, Earthquake Spectra, 19(4), 752-733 .
Buckle, P.; Graham, M & Syd, S. (1998),New approaches to assessing vulnerability and resilience, Australian Journal of Emergency management, 8- 14.
Burton, Christopher George (2012), The Development of Metrics For Community Resilience to Natural Disasters, Department:: Geography, First Advisor: Susan L Cutter, University of South Carolina. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1275/.
Butler L., Morland L., & Leskin, G. (2007),Psychological resilience in the face of terrorism, In B. Bongar, L. Brown, L. Beutler, J. Breckenridge, & P. Zimbardo (Eds.), Psychology of terrorism, 400–417, NY: Oxford University Press.
Campanella, T. J. (2006),Urban resilience and the recovery of New Orleans, Journal of the American Planning Association, 72, 141-146.
Caputo, Silvio (2013),Urban resilience: a theoretical and empirical investigation, A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Coventry University.
Cardona, O.D. (2003),The notions of disaster risk: Conceptualframework for integrated management, Manizales, Colombia, Inter-American Development Bank.
Carpenter, S.R & Burby (2012),From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what?, Ecosystems, 4, 765– 781.
Chelleri, L. (2012),From the «Resilient City» to urban resilience, A review essay onunderstanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems, Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), 287–306.
Coaffee, jon (2013),Towards Next-Generation Urban Resilience in Planning Practice: From Securitization to Integrated Place Making, Planning Practice & Research, 28(3), 323-339, DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2013.787693.
Coles, E., & Buckle, P. (2004), Developing community resilience as a foundation for effective disaster recovery, The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 19, 6–15.
Cutter, L., Burton, C., Emrich, C. (2010),Disaster ResilienceIndicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions, HomelandSecurity and Emergency Management, 7(1), 51, 1-22.
Cutter, Susan L.; Lindsey, Barnes.; Melissa, Berry.; Christopher, Burton.; Elijah, Evans.; Eric, Tate & Jennifer, Webb (2008),Community and Regional Resilience: Perspectives from Hazards, , Disasters and Emergency Management, CARRI Research Report1.
Davic, R. D. & Welsh, H. H. Jr. (2004), On the ecological roles of salamanders, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematic, 35, 405–434.
Davis, I & Izadkhah, Y. (2006),Building resilient urban communities, Article from OHI, 31(1), 11-21.
Davis, I. (2004),The application of performance targets to promote effective earthquake risk reduction strategies, Engineering paper No. 2726, Presend at the thirteenth world conference on Earthquakes, Vancouver, Canada. 1-6 Aguast.
Davoudi, S. (2013), Resilience: A Bridge Concept or a Dead End, Planning Theory & Practice13(2), 299-233.
Derissen, Sandra; Quaas, Martin & Baumgärtner, Stefan (2009),The relationship between resilience and sustainable development of ecological-economic systems, Working Paper Series in Economics, 146, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Lüneburg.
Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilientcities: A conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003.
DDo Almeida, M.C.; Telhado, M.J.; Morais, M.; Barreiro, J.& Lopes, R. (2020),Urban Resilience to Flooding: Triangulation of Methods for Hazard Identification in Urban Areas, Sustainability, 12, 22-27.
Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. (1993),Resilience as process. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 517–528.
Ernstson, H., van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G.& Alfsen, C.,et al. (2010),Urban transitions: On urban resilience and human-dominatedecosystems, Ambio, 39(8), 531–545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-010-0081-9.
ESCAP.ADB & UNEP (2012), Green Growth, Resources and Resilience: Environmental Sustainability in Asia and the Pacific, United Nations and Asian Development Bank publication, Bangkok.
Folke, Carl; Carpenter, Steve; Elmqvist, Thomas & Gunderson, Lance.H (2002), Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations, Ambio, 31(5), Pp 437–440.
Foster, K. A. (2006),A case study approach to understandingregional resilience, A working paper for building resiliencenetwork, Instituteof urban regional development. Universityof California.
Fourniere, H.; Leon, E.& Lewis, D. (2017),Trends in Urban Resilience,; United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat): Nairobi, Kenya, ISBN 978-92-1-132743-4.
Ganor, M., & Ben-Lavy, Y. (2003),Community resilience: Lessons derived from Gilo under fire, Journal of Jewish Communal Service, Winter/Spring, 105–108.
Godschalk, D. (2003),Urban hazard mitigation: Creatingresilient cities, Natural Hazards Review, 4, 136–143.
Gordon, J. (1978),Structures, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books.
Gunderson, L. & Holling, C.S. (2001), Panarchy: Understanding Transformations In Human Natural Systems, Island Press, Washington. DC.
Gunderson, L. (2010),Comparing Ecological and Human Community Resilience, CARRI Research, Report 5, Oak Ridge: Community and Regional Resilience Institute, online] http://www.resilientus.org/library/Final_Gunderson_11209_123177474.pdf.
Hamilton, W. A. H. (2009),Resilience and the city: The water sector, Proceedings ofthe Institution of Civil Engineers Urban Design and Planning, 162(DP3), 109-121.http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.2009.162.
Henstra, D. (2012),Toward the climate-resilient city: Extreme weather and urbanclimate adaptation policies in two Canadian provinces, Journal of ComparativePolicy Analysis: Research and Practice, 14(2), 175–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2012.665215Hodson.
Holling, C. S. & Gunderson.L. H. (2002),Resilience and adaptive cycles. Pages 25-62 in L. H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling, editors. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
Holling, C.S. (1973),Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.008.
IFRC (international Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societiies) (2004), World Disaster report: focus pn community resilience, Online: https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/disasters/WDR/58000-WDR2004-LR.pdf.
Kärrholm, M.; Nylund, Katarina & Prieto de la Fuente, Paulina (2014),Spatial resilience and urban planning: Addressing the interdependence of urban retail areas, Cities 36, 121-130.
Kimhi, S. Shamai, M. (2004),Community resilience and theimpact of stress: adult response to Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon, J Community Psychol 32(4), 39–451.doi:10.1002/jcop.20012.
Klein, R.J.N & Thomalla, F. (2003),Resilience to natural hazards: how useful is this concept?, Environmental Hazards, ss5 (1–2), 35–45.
Kulig, J. and Hanson, L. (1999), Discussion and expansion of the concept of resiliency: Summary of a think tank, Regional center for health promotion and community studies, Lethbridge, Canada, University of Lethbridge.
Kutum, I. and K. Al-Jaberi (2015),Jordan Banks Financial Soundness Indicators, International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (ISSN: 2147-4486) 4(3), 134-145.
Lamond, J. E., & Proverbs, D. G. (2009),Resilience to flooding: Lessons frominternational comparison. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers UrbanDesign and Planning, 162(DP2), 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/udap.2009.162.
Leichenko, R. (2011),Climate change and urban resilience, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168.
Lhomme, S.; Serre, D.; Diab, Y. & Laganier, R. (2013),Urban technical networksresilience assessment, In R. Laganier (Ed.), Resilience and urban risk management,. 109–117, London: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12994-13.
Liao, K.-H. (2012),A theory on urban resilience to floods – A basis for alternativeplanning practices, Ecology and Society, 17(4), 48. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art48/
Liu, L.&Jensen, M.B. (2017), Climate resilience strategies of Beijing and Copenhagen and their links to sustainability, Water Policy, 19, 997–1013.
Longstaff, P. (2005),Security, resilience, and communication in unpredictable environments such as terrorism, natural disasters, and complex technology, Syracuse, New York: Author.
Manyena, S.B. (2006),The concept of resilience revisited, Disasters, 30, 4, 433–450.
Masten, A., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1990), Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity, Development & Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.
Meerow S, Newell JP, Stults M (2016), Defining urban resilience: a review, Landsc Urban Plan, 147, 38–49.
Merriam Webster Dictionary, Online: https://www.merriam-webster.com/
Mileti, D.S. (1999),Disasters by design: a reassessment of natural hazards in the United States, Natural hazards and disasters, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC.
Norris, Fran H.; Stevens, Susan P.; Pfefferbaum, Betty.; Wyche, Karen F. & Pfefferbaum, Rose L (2008),Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities and strategy for disaster readiness, American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127–150.
Nunes, D.M.; Tomé, A.& Pinheiro, M.D. (2019),Urban-centric resilience in search of theoretical stabilisation? A phased thematic and conceptual review. J. Environ. Manag. 230, 282–292.
Paton, D & Johnston, D. (2000),Disasters and communities: vulnerabilities, resilience and preparedness, Disaster Prevention and Management, 10(4), 270–277.
Paton, D & Johnston, D. (2006),Disaster resilience: An integrated approach. Springfield, IL: Charles C, Thomas.
Pelling, M. (2003),The Vulnerability of Cities: NaturalDisasters and Social Resilience, Earthscan, London.
Pendall, R.; Foster, K.A & Cowell, M. (2007),Resilience and regions: Building understanding of the metaphor, A working paper for building resilience network, Institute of urban regional development, University of California.
Pfefferbaum, B., Reissman, D., Pfefferbaum, R., Klomp, R., & Gurwitch, R. (2005),Building resilience to mass trauma events, In L. Doll, S. Bonzo, J. Mercy, & D. Sleet (Eds.), Handbook on injury and violence prevention interventions. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004),Resilient cities: Meaning,models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69, 369–384.
Pimm, S.L. (1984),The complexity and stability ofecosystems, Nature, 307, 321–326.
Pooley, J. & Cohen, L. (2010), Resilience: A Definition in Context, Australian Community Psychologist, 22 (1), 30-37.
Resilience Alliance (2007), Urban resilience research prospectus, A resilience alliance initiative for transitioning urban systems towards sustainable futures, CSIRO.
Romero-Lankao, P. & Gnatz, D. M. (2013), Exploring urban transformations in Latin America. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(3–4), 358–367.
Rose, A. (2004),Defining and measuring economic resilience to disasters, Disaster Prevention and Management, 13, 307–314.
Ryan, G.W. and Bernard, H.R. (2000),Data management and analysis methods, In N.K Denzin and Y.S Lincoln (Eds), Handbook of qualitayive research (2nd ed.,Pp 769-802), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shamsuddin, S. & Srinivasan, S. (2020),Just Smart or Just and Smart Cities? Assessing the Literature on Housing and Information and Communication Technology, Housing Policy Debate. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1719181 In press.
Sonn, C. & Fisher, A. (1998),Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression and change, Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 457–472.
Thornbush, M., Golubchikov, O., & Bouzarovski, S. (2013),Sustainable citiestargeted by combined mitigation–adaptation efforts for future-proofing.Sustainable Cities and Society, 9, 1–9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.01.003.
Timmermann, P. (1981), Vulnerability, Resilience and the Collapse of Society: A Review of Models and Possible Climatic Applications, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada.
Turner, M. D. (2013). Political ecology I An alliance with resilience?, Progress in Human Geography:0309132513502770.
Tyler, S., & Moench, M. (2012),A framework for urban climate resilience. Climateand Development, 4(4), 311–326. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2012.745389.
UN/ISDR (2002),Disaster reduction and sustainable developement: understanding the links between vulnerability and risks to disasters related to developement and environment, World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg, 26 august- 4 september, Pp24.
UN/ISDR (2015), Hyogo framework for 2005-2015: Building the resilience of the nations and communities to disasters www.unisdr.org/wcdr/intergover/official-docs/ Hyogo- frameworkaction- english .pdf. accessed. January 04.
UNISDR (2010), United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Secretariat Evaluation: Final Report, Online: https://www.unisdr.org/files/12659_UNISDRevaluation2009finalreport.pdf.
UNISDR (2016), UNISDR ANNUAL REPORT, In support of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Online: https://www.unisdr.org/files/52253_unisdr2016annualreport.pdf.
United Nations (2015),Sendai framework on disaster risk reduction 2015–2030, UN Office for disaster risk reduction, New York: United Nations.
United Nations (2015), World Urbanization Prospects-Population Division. Available online: https://population.un. org/wup/Download/ (accessed on 14 May 2019).
Vale LJ. (2014),The politics of resilient cities: whose resilience and whose city?, Build Res Inf, 42(2),191–201.
Wagner, I.& Breil, P. (2013),The role of ecohydrology in creating more resilientcities, Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, 13(2), 113–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2013.06.002.
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006), Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world, Washington, DC: Island Press.
Walker, B., (2007), A resilience perspective of the SEEA, Ecology and society, Ecological Economics, 61(4), 708-715.
Wamsler, C., Brink, E., & Rivera, C. (2013), Planning for climate change in urbanareas: From theory to practice, Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.008.
Wardekker, J. A.; de Jong, A.; Knoop, J. M. & van der Sluijs, J. P. (2010), Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertainclimate changes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(6), 987–998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.11.005.
World Bank (2019),Action plan on climate change adaptation and resilience: Managing risks for a more resilient future, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Zhang, Junling; Qi, Xiaowen & Liang, Changyong (2018), Tackling complexity in green contractor selection for mega infrastructure projects: a hesitant fuzzy linguistic MADM approach with considering group attitudinal character and attributes’ interdependency, Complexity, 107, 2411-2502.
Zhou, H.;Wang, J.; Wan, J. & Jia, H. (2009), Resilience to natural hazards: a geographic perspective,Nat Hazards, DOI 10.1007/s11069- 009-9407.