مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوری مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی 2228-639X 14 53 2024 10 1 Contexts and Factors related to the Quality of Urban life in the Neighborhoods of One District of Tehran: The Application of a Multi-Level Model زمینه‌ها و عوامل مرتبط با کیفیت زندگی شهری محلات منطقه یک شهر تهران: کاربرد مدل چند سطحی 39 58 fa حمید رمضانی پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی علی حاتمی جهاددانشگاهی نادر مطیع حق شناس موسسه مطالعات جمعیت میلاد تفنگچی مهیاری دانشگاه تهران 2023 5 6  Contexts and Factors related to the Quality of Urban    life in the Neighborhoods of One District of Tehran:   The Application of a Multi-Level Model                                                                                                   Hamid Ramezani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Ali Hatami<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Nader Moti Haqshanas<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Milad Tofangchi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>       Research related to the quality of life has been raised as a new topic in social studies during the last fourteen decades of the 20th century in many countries. The concept of the quality of urban life today has gained traction in the schools of welfare and social justice, and in Iran since the past, various discussions and efforts have been made in the field of improving urban life quality. Therefore, in this article, using theoretical discussions and also the most important indicators in this field, the quality of life of the residents of the neighborhoods in One District of Tehran has been measured. In general, the purpose of this article is to investigate the contexts and factors related to the quality of life of the citizens of one district of Tehran, based on various indicators such as housing, transportation, security, health, and urban management. Quantitative research method and data were collected by survey method and then analyzed using HLM software with a multi-level approach. The findings of the research show that the quality of life of the residents of Region 1 varies at the neighborhood level. According to the findings, the neighborhoods of Naft, Jamaran, and Niavaran have the highest average quality of urban life, while the neighborhoods of Sohank, Derke, Zafaranieh, Darband, Evin, Gulabdara, and Mahmoudieh have the lowest average scores. Based on the differences between these neighborhoods, the findings indicate that objective variables such as age and education at level one, and subjective variables such as the feeling of social security at level two have a significant relationship with the dependent variable, i.e., quality of urban life.       Keywords: District 1, Multi-Level Approach, Neighborhood, Quality of Urban Life, Sense of Security, Tehran.       Introduction:   Quality of life is a different concept that has various definitions across different bodies of knowledge. Sociocultural environment and built environment characteristics affect people's perception of quality of life. However, there is no consensus on its definition (Serag El Din, H.; Shalaby, 2013: 9). Several studies have discussed this conceptual diversity (Wesz, J.G.B.; Miron, 2023). Conceptually, quality of life is related to social ideas, environmental quality, poverty, social inequality, social fragility, social vulnerability, sustainable development, and sustainability. Consequently, quality of life indicators should be formulated based on this domain (Pereira, & Nahas, 2016: 2).   One of the most important issues related to the quality of life is finding the criteria and combining indicators to evaluate the level and measure changes in the quality of urban life. Among these, one of the criteria that can be used to measure the quality of life is the level of satisfaction of citizens with various indicators and variables, which can be said that the subjective dimension of the quality of life is considered in these studies. In the objective dimension, based on statistical data and related figures, the quality of urban life is calculated (Fani et al., 2014: 66).   With all the efforts made in recent years, the quality of life in Tehran shows its relatively good quality in the city's districts. In a general comparison, it should be said that the quality of life in the areas located in the north, north-central, and northeast of the city is in better condition. The quality of life is also good in the northwest and southeast. In the southwestern part of the city, the quality of life seems to be somewhat decent. Among the districts of Tehran, District 1 has the highest quality of life among the 22 districts of Tehran (quoted from Tehran City Atlas website). But considering that the region is one of the 24 neighborhoods, this article seeks to show the quality of life among the neighborhoods in this region.   This article intends to take a step towards answering the following questions with a problem-oriented approach:   • What are the influencing factors on the quality of urban life of the residents of different neighborhoods in one area of Tehran?   • At what level is the quality of urban life among the residents of different neighborhoods in one area of Tehran?   • What is the difference in the quality of urban life within and between neighborhoods? And finally, what effect do micro and macro-level variables have on the quality of urban life in the objective and subjective dimensions?   According to the investigations, in the current research, the following variables and indicators have been used to measure the quality of urban life of the residents of different neighborhoods in one area of Tehran city, and the relevant indicators and items have been questioned in each of them have been taken (Figure 1).     <img src="file:///C:\Users\Bayeh\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\03\clip_image001.gif" width="548" height="617" />                                                                                                                        Figure 1: Research concept consisting of evaluating the quality of urban life       Research method:   The current research is in the field of applied research in terms of its purpose, its nature, and research method, it is a descriptive-analytical research of the secondary analysis type. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the data of "Tehran Quality of Life Monitoring Survey" were used. The statistical population of the project consists of households living in the 1st district of Tehran (in 24 neighborhoods).   Various techniques are used to analyze multi-level data and since in multi-level analysis, choosing the right strategy depends on the questions and hypotheses of the research, after entering the information from the questionnaires into the SPSS software, to perform statistical tests and analyze the data from HLM software was used.   The questionnaire used in this study was compiled through consultation with specialists, experts, and city managers. In this questionnaire, household characteristics include gender, age, education, occupation, income, and place of birth of the head of the household. Also, information related to four dimensions (satisfaction with services and facilities of the neighborhood; satisfaction with movement and roads in the neighborhood; satisfaction with the health and environment of the neighborhood, and satisfaction with the relationships and social context of the neighborhood); The main index measures the quality of life as follows.       Table 1: Dimensions of the dependent variable   (quality of urban life) measured in the study       <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 12.5pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="104"> Index </td> <td style="width: 209.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="279"> sub-indices </td> <td style="width: 74.2pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="99"> number of questions </td> <td style="width: 88.15pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> alpha coefficient </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 11.55pt;"> <td style="width: 77.95pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 11.55pt;" rowspan="4" width="104"> Quality of urban life </td> <td style="width: 209.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 11.55pt;" width="279"> Satisfaction with neighborhood services and facilities </td> <td style="width: 74.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 11.55pt;" width="99"> 12 </td> <td style="width: 88.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 11.55pt;" rowspan="4" width="118"> 0.89 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 209.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="279"> Satisfaction with movement and passages in the neighborhood </td> <td style="width: 74.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="99"> 8 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 209.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="279"> Satisfaction with neighborhood  health and environment </td> <td style="width: 74.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="99"> 5 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 209.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="279"> Satisfaction with relationships and social fabric of the neighborhood </td> <td style="width: 74.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="99"> 4 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>       Findings:   The findings indicate that although the quality of life in Region 1 is in a better condition than other regions, there are differences among the localities of Region 1.   The findings of cross-class correlation in this study showed that 23% of the changes in the average score of the quality of life of the residents of the neighborhoods of District One of Tehran were affected by the macro variables (social, demographic, and economic level) and 77% of the changes were affected by the micro variables (individual level). Also, the regression model of random coefficients showed that there is a significant relationship between the individual level variables of age and education with the average urban quality of life score.   In the examination of the relationship between the average quality of urban life score and demographic and economic variables (housing) and social variables, it was found that there is a significant relationship between variables such as population size, year of building construction (oldness of housing), number of rooms, area of housing and ownership of housing with the average score. There is no quality of urban life. But in examining social variables, social capital (including the two dimensions of participation and social trust); and the feeling of security on the average quality of urban life, it was determined that only the variable of feeling of security can have an effect on the function variable. In the end, it can be said that the weak services and facilities and the unfavorable planning conditions governing the city of Tehran have been added to the reason that despite the fact that in the quality of urban life index, region one has a better situation than most of the 22 regions of Tehran, but the difference and inequality in The level of its localities can be observed.       Table 2: Scores obtained for the quality of urban   life index of the studied localities of the region       <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; height: 16.7pt;"> <td style="width: 161.35pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.7pt;" width="215"> The level of quality of urban life </td> <td style="width: 300.75pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.7pt;" width="401"> Neighborhood ranking and Urban Life Quality score </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 16.95pt;"> <td style="width: 161.35pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.95pt;" width="215"> Level one (3 neighborhoods) The highest urban quality of life </td> <td style="width: 300.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.95pt;" width="401"> 1. Naft (77.9), 2. Jamaran (75.4), 3. Niavaran (70.6), </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 67.35pt;"> <td style="width: 161.35pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 67.35pt;" width="215"> Level two (14 neighborhoods) Average city life quality </td> <td style="width: 300.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 67.35pt;" width="401"> 4. Cheezer (67.5). 5. Azgol (66.8), 6. Hesarbuali (65.9), 7. Tajrish (65.5), 8. Danshgah (64.2), 9. Darabad (64.2), 10. Farmaniyeh (63.0), 11. Kashank (62.4), 12. Qaitariya (61.9), 13. Dezashib (61.8), 14. Hekmat (61.5), 15. Imamzadeh Qasem (61.5), 16. Araj (60.8), 17. Baghe Ferdous (60.1), </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 16.95pt;"> <td style="width: 161.35pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.95pt;" width="215"> Level three (7 neighborhoods) Low quality of urban life </td> <td style="width: 300.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 16.95pt;" width="401"> 18. Sohank (58.8), 19. (Darkeh (58.3), 20. Zafaranieh (58.2), 21. Darband (56.8), 22. Evin (54.4), 23. Gulabdere (54.0), 24. Mahmoudieh (46.9). </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>       Resources:   Feni, Zohra and et al. (2014). Measuring the quality of urban life with an emphasis on gender, case study: Qorve city. Scientific Quarterly of Urban Ecology Research, 6(12), 65-78.   Nahas, M.I.P.; Pereira, M.A.M.; de Avelar Esteves, O.; Gonçalves, É. Metodologia de construção do índice de qualidade de vida urbana dos municípios brasileiros (IQVU-BR). Anais , 1–20.   Serag El Din, H.; Shalaby, A.; Farouh, H.E.; Elariane, S.A. Principles of urban quality of life for a neighborhood. HBRC J. 2013, 9, 86–92.   Wesz, J.G.B.; Miron, L.I.G.; Delsante, I.; Tzortzopoulos, P. (2023). Urban Quality of Life: A Systematic Literature Review. Urban Sci., Vol, 7, No, 2. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020056">https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020056</a>.     <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* M.A of Academic Board of the Department of Architecture and Urban Landscape, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. </a> Hramezani@outlook.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** Corresponding Author: M.A of Academic Board of the </a>Department of Cultural Sociology, Institute of Humanities and Social Studies, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.  <a href="mailto:Alihatami@ut.ac.ir">Alihatami@ut.ac.ir</a> </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*** Assistant Professor of Demography, Department of Population Economics and Human Capital, Na</a>tional Population Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.  <a href="mailto:nader.haghshenas@nipr.ac.ir">nader.haghshenas@nipr.ac.ir</a> </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">**** Doctoral researcher of urban planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. </a> <a href="mailto:Milad.tofangchi@ut.ac.ir">Milad.tofangchi@ut.ac.ir</a> </div> </div>    <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">پژوهشهای مربوط به <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">کیفیت زندگی به عنوان مبحثی جدید در مطالعات اجتماعی طی چهاردهه آخر قرن بیستم در بسیاری از کشورها مطرح شده است. مفهوم کیفیت زندگی شهری امروزه درسایه مکاتب رفاه و عدالت اجتماعی قوت گرفته و در ایران نیز از گذشته، مباحث و تلاشهای مختلفی در زمینه افزایش کیفیت زندگی شهری صورت پذیرفته است. از این رو در مقاله حاضر با استفاده از مباحث نظری و هم&zwnj;چنین مهمترین شاخصهای مطرح شده در این حوزه، وضعیت کیفیت زندگی ساکنان محله&zwnj;های منطقه یک شهر تهران سنجیده شده است. <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">به طور کلی هدف این مقاله، بررسی زمینه&zwnj;ها و عوامل مرتبط با کیفیت زندگی شهروندان محلات منطقه یک شهر تهران بر اساس شاخصهای مختلفی نظیر وضعیت مسکن، حمل و نقل، امنیت، سلامت، مدیریت شهری است. روش پژوهش کمّی و دادهها به روش پیمایشی جمعآوری شده و سپس با استفاده از نرم افزار HLM با رویکرد چند سطحی مورد تجزیه و <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد که کیفیت زندگی ساکنان منطقه یک در سطح محله&zwnj;ها با یکدیگر متفاوت هست. بر اساس یافته&zwnj;های بدست آمده بالاترین میانگین کیفیت زندگی شهری مربوط به محلات نفت، جماران و نیاوران و پایینترین میانگین نمره هم مربوط به محلات سوهانک، درکه، زعفرانیه، دربند، اوین، گلابدره و محمودیه است<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">. با توجه به تفاوت&zwnj;های موجود بین این محله&zwnj;ها، یافته&zwnj;ها نشان داد که در سطح یک متغیرهای عینی سن و تحصیلات و در سطح دو متغیر ذهنی احساس امنیت اجتماعی با متغیر وابسته یعنی کیفیت زندگی شهری رابطه معناداری دارند.   <span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;">

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