Comparative Analysis of Geometric Pattern Drawing Methods in Islamic Art and Designing an Optimal Method for Redrawing Artifacts

perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-071557123articleComparative Analysis of Geometric Pattern Drawing Methods in Islamic Art and Designing an Optimal Method for Redrawing Artifactsmahdi Azizi Hamedanimahdyhamedany@gmail.com1gholamhosain Memarianmemarian@iust.ac.ir2Asghar Mohammadmoradim_moradi@iust.ac.ir3Ph.D Student in Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. Professor, Department of Restoration and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Sites, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.Comparative Analysis of Geometric Pattern Drawing Methods in Islamic Art and Designing an Optimal Method for Redrawing Artifacts   Mahdi Azizi Hamedani<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Gholamhossein Memarian<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Asghar Mohammadmoradi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   This article proposes an optimal method for recognizing and redrawing geometric patterns in Islamic and Iranian architecture to facilitate their application in contemporary design and knowledge transfer to future generations. By analyzing four primary pattern-drawing methods—polygonal, radial substructure, The Point-Joining Technique, and grid-based approaches—the strengths and weaknesses of each method were evaluated through historical resource analysis, interviews with master artisans, and criteria such as geometric accuracy, generalizability, and ease of instruction. Findings reveal that the radial substructure method, relying on radiating grids and concentric circles, is optimal due to its comprehensive coverage of diverse pattern types, reduced drawing errors, and adaptability to various contexts. This method not only enables precise reproduction of historical patterns but also allows the creation of new designs while preserving geometric authenticity. Combining technical precision and practical simplicity, the proposed method offers an effective solution for preserving artistic heritage and redrawing geometric patterns.   Keywords: Geometric patterns, Interlace (Gereh), Optimal method, Polygonal method, Grid-based method, Radial substructure.     Introduction Geometric patterns, as a hallmark of Islamic and Iranian art, hold a unique place in historical architectural ornamentation. These patterns reflect both the aesthetic sensibilities of past artists and intricate geometric systems requiring precise knowledge of construction rules. However, many of these rules remain obscure or inefficient due to the lack of systematic knowledge transfer from masters to apprentices. Previous studies have focused on historical descriptions or aesthetic analyses but rarely provided practical methods for redrawing and teaching these patterns. Existing methods fail to cover all variations of geometric patterns and often impose excessive complexity. This article addresses this gap by evaluating four primary pattern-drawing methods and proposing an optimal approach for understanding historical patterns, effective teaching, and contemporary design applications.   Research Methodology This descriptive-analytical study combines qualitative and quantitative methods: Literature Review: Examination of historical resources (e.g., Topkapı Scrolls), traditional artisan manuals (e.g., works of Sharbaf and Lurzadeh), and contemporary research (e.g., Bonner and Majewski). Empirical Learning: Apprenticeship with master artisans and researchers to understand practical drawing techniques. Field Analysis: Site visits to historical monuments (e.g., Isfahan Jameh Mosque, Fatima Masumeh Shrine) for pattern documentation. Criteria Evaluation: Assessment of four methods based on geometric accuracy, flexibility, teachability, and innovation potential. Comparative Analysis: Tabular comparison of methods across seven key criteria.   Results The four methods—polygonal, radial substructure (artisan tradition), The Point-Joining Technique, and grid-based—were analyzed in detail. The radial substructure method, grounded in foundational geometry (radii and concentric circles), demonstrated superior versatility for reproducing historical patterns and creating new designs. Key findings include: Grid-based methods excel in conventional patterns (e.g.,6- or 8-rosette) but falter with complex configurations (e.g., 10- rosettes). The polygonal method, though diverse, demands advanced geometric knowledge and struggles with irregular rosettes. The Point-Joining method lacks flexibility for peripheral elements and distorts composite patterns. The radial substructure method minimizes manual errors, supports diverse contexts (square, hexagonal), and provides clear, reproducible steps for learners.   Discussion The study of the advantages and disadvantages of four methods of drawing geometric patterns resulted in an optimal method for studying geometric patterns. This method is based on the radial substructure method. A number of masters have used this method in drawing some patterns, but it has not been the basis of their practice. Radial substructure drawings are generally drawn in a frame requiring a four-way reflection, and the shamas used in geometric patterns are drawn as a quarter. Auxiliary lines for drawing patterns are generally determined by code lines, and in some corners of the rectangular background, the method of drawing knot devices is not explained, or tasteful drawings are made. In this method, an attempt is made to identify the repeatable background in a geometric pattern in the first stage. In drawing the background of the work, the background is used in a circumscribed circle and the shamas are placed in the center of the circle. If the knot is a combination and includes two or more types of shamas, one of the shamas is designed in the center. In the second stage, the rays are drawn and extended to the point of contact with the rays of the surrounding rays, and in the next stage, an attempt is made to draw the network of the geometric pattern infrastructure. In the next stage, based on drawing the lines of the bergamot and their extension, an attempt is made to complete the geometric pattern. In the fourth stage, the pattern will be reproduced on the surface solely with translational symmetry and without the use of reflection or rotation.   Conclusion This study analyzed four geometric pattern-drawing methods—grid-based, polygonal, radial substructure, and The Point-Joining —evaluating their strengths and weaknesses against criteria such as interpretative capability for diverse geometric patterns, clarity and logicality of drawing steps, error reduction, potential for creating new interlaced patterns (Gereh), teachability, and ease of knowledge transfer. Based on these evaluations, an optimal method for understanding and redrawing geometric patterns in historical architecture was proposed, structured into four stages to systematically facilitate comprehension and reconstruction. The proposed method proves more efficient for manual drawing and practical engagement with geometric patterns in historical buildings, making these patterns accessible to enthusiasts. While other methods may excel in specific contexts—for example, the grid-based method is faster for 8-pointed rosettes—they lack the versatility required for complex or varied patterns. Similarly, the polygonal method offers flexibility for diverse designs but often fails to align with traditional artisans’ standards for accuracy. Although methods like the polygonal and grid-based approaches may simplify substructure creation for new patterns, mastery of the radial substructure or the proposed optimal method allows artists to innovate within authentic geometric frameworks. The advantages of this method include reducing drawing errors by using radial grids and concentric circles, the ability to adapt to a variety of backgrounds (square, hexagonal) and combined designs, providing transparent and reproducible steps for students, and creating a platform for designing new designs while maintaining the geometric framework, which can be used in redrawing new works and designs.   Table: Comparison of Geometric Pattern-Drawing Methods   <table width="87%"> <tbody> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="34%"> Index for examining the method of drawing geometric patterns </td> <td colspan="5" width="65%"> Geometric Pattern-Drawing Methods </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> Polygonal </td> <td width="17%"> Radial Substructure </td> <td width="11%"> Point-Joining </td> <td width="9%"> Grid-Based </td> <td width="12%"> Optimal Method </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Reduction of manual drawing errors </td> <td width="14%">   </td> <td width="17%"> ¢ </td> <td width="11%">   </td> <td width="9%">   </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Facilitating creative design </td> <td width="14%"> ¢ </td> <td width="17%">   </td> <td width="11%">   </td> <td width="9%"> ¢ </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Ease of learning and teaching speed </td> <td width="14%">   </td> <td width="17%"> ¢ </td> <td width="11%"> ¢ </td> <td width="9%"> ¢ </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Versatility in pattern diversity </td> <td width="14%"> ¢ </td> <td width="17%">   </td> <td width="11%">   </td> <td width="9%"> ¢ </td> <td width="12%">   </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Logical and clear drawing steps </td> <td width="14%">   </td> <td width="17%"> ¢ </td> <td width="11%">   </td> <td width="9%">   </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Ability to create new patterns </td> <td width="14%"> ¢ </td> <td width="17%"> ¢ </td> <td width="11%">   </td> <td width="9%"> ¢ </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="34%"> Ease of manual/software implementation </td> <td width="14%">   </td> <td width="17%"> ¢ </td> <td width="11%"> ¢ </td> <td width="9%">   </td> <td width="12%"> ¢ </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   References Abdullahi, Yahya& Mohamed Rashid Bin Embi (2013) “Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns. Frontiers of Architectural Research 2(2): 243–51.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002</a>. Bonner, J. (2017) Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction. In Islamic Geometric Patterns: Their Historical Development and Traditional Methods of Construction. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0217-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0217-7</a>. Bonner, J., Pelletier, M., & Box, P. O. (2012) A 7-Fold System for Creating Islamic Geometric Patterns Part 1: Historical Antecedents. Bonner, J.F. (2012) Creating Non-Systematic Islamic Geometric Patterns with Complex Combinations of Star Forms.<a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Creating-Non-Systematic-Islamic-Geometric-Patterns-Bonner/f0435a2886804b06a6a46010c715dd6ee3092fb4?utm_source=direct_link%20">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Creating-Non-Systematic-Islamic-Geometric-Patterns-Bonner/f0435a2886804b06a6a46010c715dd6ee3092fb4?utm_source=direct_link</a>. Castera, J. M., Peuriot, F. oise, Ploquin, P., &McElhearn, K (1999) Arabesques. Decorative Art in Morocco (Slp edition). Art Creation Realisation. Cromwell, P. (2023) Geometric Architectural Ornament of the Seljuks in Asia Minor. <a href="https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35205.52969">https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35205.52969</a>  El-Said, Issam and AyseParman. Geometric Concepts in Islamic Art. Palo Alto, CA: Dale Seymour Pubn, 1976. <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-7-Fold-System-for-Creating-Islamic-Geometric-Part-Pelletier/6916c9214f267e17ae3f8c68c724fdfa78e73d9e?utm_source=direct_link">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-7-Fold-System-for-Creating-Islamic-Geometric-Part-Pelletier/6916c9214f267e17ae3f8c68c724fdfa78e73d9e?utm_source=direct_link</a>. Lee, T., & August, A. S. (2014) The Geometric Rosette: Analysis of an Islamic decorative motif. <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Geometric-Rosette-%3A-analysis-of-an-Islamic-Lee-August/29f33d97a25d88ff187585277edb8d4f208d152a#citing-papers">https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Geometric-Rosette-%3A-analysis-of-an-Islamic-Lee-August/29f33d97a25d88ff187585277edb8d4f208d152a#citing-papers</a> . Majewski, M. (2020) Understanding Geometric Pattern and its Geometry, Part 2 -Decagonal Diversity. The Electronic Journal of Mathematics and Technology, 14, 87–106. . Majewski, M. (2022) Understanding Geometric Pattern and its Geometry, Part 7—What can go wrong? The Electronic Journal of Mathematics and Technology, 16, 73–91. Necipoğlu, G. (2017) The Arts of Ornamental Geometry. Brill. <a href="https://brill.com/display/title/32181">https://brill.com/display/title/32181.</a> Wichmann, B., & Wade, D. (2017) Islamic Design: A Mathematical Approach. Birkhäuser Basel. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69977-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69977-6.</a>           <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D Student in Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. mahdyhamedany@gmail.com <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Professor, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. corresponding Author. memarian@iust.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Professor, Department of Restoration and Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings and Sites, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. <a href="mailto:m_moradi@iust.ac.ir">m_moradi@iust.ac.ir</a>http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/48836 Geometric patterns Interlace (Gereh) Optimal method Polygonal method Grid-based method Radial substructure. perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-0715572547articleStudying the Historical Evolution of the Basic Pattern in the Architecture of the Ancient Period and Iranian TraditionFarshad Hatami Barghprojecthatami2020@gmail.com1Behrouz Mansouriemarate_khorshid@yahoo.com2Sayyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amreimokhtabm@modares.ac.ir3Leila Zarezare.leila@gmail.com4Ph.D Student in Architecture, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Professor of Art and Theater Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Assistant Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Studying the Historical Evolution of the Basic Pattern in the Architecture of the Ancient Period and Iranian Tradition   Farshad Hatami Bargh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Behrouz Mansouri<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>  Sayyed Mostafa Mokhtabad Amrei<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">**</a>  Leila Zare<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>   The role and importance of the influence of geometry and mathematics in Iranian architecture since pre-Islamic times has been used in the form of technical (experimental) architecture and pattern (Mendel) as a practical application in the geometric arrangement of buildings. It has been observed in many buildings with sovereign, ceremonial-residential, and residential uses, respectively, of the social classes of the elite and the common people in ancient times and after Islam; the fourth to tenth centuries A.H., and the approach of influences in functional spaces and following early patterns in the Iranian architectural style is expressed as indoor and outdoor spatial functions. Studies of the course of historical developments show that residential architecture in Iran has resulted from the use of a formal pattern as a spatial arrangement in examples of buildings from three historical periods: ancient, traditional, and modern. In this research, data collection is library-based and the research method is interpretive-historical, descriptive-analytical. The aim of the research is to explain the impact of the developments of formal patterns in the form of architectural crafts, which is influenced by applied geometry and mathematics, which is reinforced by the studies of Iranian philosophers including Khwarizmi, Banu-musa, Abu al-WafaBuzjani, Ikhwan al-Safa, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Sheikh Bahai Also, since the beginning of the third century A.H., under the influence of mathematics and geometry discussions, following numbers and estimating distances, geometry in the form of the second dimension, the third dimension, and finally the architectural craft and mystical meanings and the journey and transcendence (rational-sensible) are reflected in the combination of the order of Platonic shapes and volumes in religious places. The results of the research show that the use of the basic pattern in residential buildings is influenced by the use of mathematics and geometry in Iranian formal and modular meanings, which had its initial origin in Chahar-Soffeh, four-iwans, andChahartaq, and is observed in the buildings of the Qajar period as the basis of spatial arrangement.   Keyword:Architectural style, Traditional period, Geometry, Archetype, Formal pattern (form).     Introduction Contemporary Iranian architecture is influenced by the culture and lifestyle of European and Western countries, with a gradual change in the functionalism of interior spaces in the form of eliminating small spaces with different functions and reducing the size of the building. Therefore, examining architecture through historical studies of architectural periods of pre-Islamic and traditional buildings by selecting different examples and even paying attention to the analysis in the theories of Iranian architectural philosophers can help in providing a suitable explanation of the position of applied geometry and mathematics in the form of a formal pattern and achieving the goal of modular patterns resulting from the unity of elements under the influence of an effective unit in the design of functional and functional spaces. The stages of research in following the contemporaneity of architectural patterns of buildings from different historical periods and the interpretations of architectural theorists can be appropriate in achieving the goals. Art, architecture, and city design have long been intertwined with geometry in human culture. In Islamic culture, the expression of meanings and concepts in the form of simple and abstract shapes and motifs has always found a new expression. To the extent that the course of thought in the infinite world has led to the name of sacred geometry. On the other hand, the combination of some simple geometric shapes such as triangles, squares, and circles expresses broad symbolic concepts that are not limited to art and architecture. In particular, a wide range of shapes and meanings lies in the combination, integration, and division of these simple shapes (Tavasoli, 2004, p. 18).   Research Method Based on the research process in terms of how to examine the gradual changes in the architectural design of contemporary residential houses resulting from the ancient and traditional periods and the need to pay attention to the traditional architecture of the transitional period (Qajar) and the application of spatial organization characteristics and geometric order in different patterns in different regions of Iran and the superposition of Iranian and Islamic architectural values in providing a solution and achieving an optimal pattern, it is necessary to examine library studies and the research method in housing studies is interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical in achieving the final model of Iranian housing. The method of collecting information is library (Table 1) and the research method is interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical (Figure 1). The statistical population is historical monuments of the ancient and Qajar periods.   Chart (1). Research Method Chart   <ol> <li>A) Gradual developments in mathematics and geometry and their impact on architecture</li> </ol> From the review of historical studies in the pre- and post-Islamic periods in the theoretical foundations of research in the field of applied mathematics and geometry analysis and their impact on the architecture (industry) of buildings with residential use in different periods, the course of developments from the stages of the rational to the tangible and attention to numerical quantities and spatial qualities and the relationships between numbers and shapes in geometry, the results in Table (2) have been achieved.   Table (2). Characteristics of philosophers before and after Islam who had an impact on the sciences of mathematics and geometry   <table width="106%"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="6%"> Row. </td> <td width="12%"> application </td> <td width="20%"> Philosophy names </td> <td width="7%"> period </td> <td width="12%"> Books name </td> <td width="40%"> theory </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 1 </td> <td rowspan="5" width="12%"> Geometry and theoretical mathematics </td> <td width="20%"> Thales </td> <td width="7%"> 527 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> - </td> <td width="40%"> Mathematics, theorems (congruence of two triangles), equality of two angles in an isosceles triangle, height of triangular pyramids </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 2 </td> <td width="20%"> Pythagoras </td> <td width="7%"> 600 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> Philosophy </td> <td width="40%"> Geometry, numbers, shapes and music </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 3 </td> <td width="20%"> Plato </td> <td width="7%"> 348 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> The Epistle of Timaeus </td> <td width="40%"> Shapes and figurative numbers - pure and applied mathematics </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 4 </td> <td width="20%"> Euclid </td> <td width="7%"> 300 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> Plane geometry, principles </td> <td width="40%"> Algebra and number theory, linear proportions, phi number, golden ratio </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 5 </td> <td width="20%"> Archimedes </td> <td width="7%"> 287 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> - </td> <td width="40%"> Obtaining the number pi, statics, center of mass, Archimedes' solid (regular 13-sided) </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 6 </td> <td rowspan="7" width="12%"> Geometry and practical mathematics </td> <td width="20%"> Al-Majusi-Khwarizmi(1) </td> <td width="7%"> 233 A.H. </td> <td width="12%"> Algebra and Counterfactual </td> <td width="40%"> Arithmetic and astronomy, distances between cities </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 7 </td> <td width="20%"> Banu Musa (Muhammad, Ahmad and Hassan) </td> <td width="7%"> 300 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> معرفه المساحت الاشکال البسطه و الکریه، الشکل المدور المستطیل </td> <td width="40%"> Angle trigonometry, calculating the volume and area of a circle (Pi), drawing an ellipse, the Wall of Dhul-Qarnayn in Gorgan, the Dar-al-Taj Observatory in Tigris, </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 8 </td> <td width="20%"> Abū al-WafāBūzhjānī </td> <td width="7%"> 328 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> هندسه ایرانی/ فی معرفه الابعاد بین المساکن/ فیما یحتاج الیه الصانع من الاعمال الهندسه </td> <td width="40%"> Regular polyhedron, Sinaat, Platonic shapes/Surface and distances of cities/Division of shapes/Drawing two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes/Spherical geometry/Baghdad Observatory </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 9 </td> <td width="20%"> Brethren of Purity </td> <td width="7%"> 400 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> الرساله الجامعه </td> <td width="40%"> Numbers, Forms - The Sensible and Sensible World, Unity and Plurality, Sacred Number, Mysticism, Quality and Quantity/Morphology/Cosmology/The Pilgrim's Progress from This World/Wisdom and Craftsmanship </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 10 </td> <td width="20%"> Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī </td> <td width="7%"> 597 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> زیج ایلخانی، تذکره فی العلم الهیئه/ اشکال الکرویه/تجرید الهندسه/الشکل القطاع </td> <td width="40%"> Ethics, logic, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, theology, the observatory and library of Maragheh </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 11 </td> <td width="20%"> Ghiyāth al-DīnJamshīdMasʿūd al-Kāshī </td> <td width="7%"> 809 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> رساله مفتاح الحساب/ رساله محیطیه/ رساله وتر و جیب </td> <td width="40%"> This school of astronomy,Samarkand/ Geometry and proportions </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="6%"> 12 </td> <td width="20%"> Baha al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Amili(1) </td> <td width="7%"> 953 B.C. </td> <td width="12%"> خلاصه الحساب (بحر الحساب) </td> <td width="40%"> Iranian geometry, Euclid's principles, proportion, equations, Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   <ol> <li>B) Study of examples of buildings from the ancient and traditional periods</li> </ol> Different buildings are listed in Table (3) according to the historical periods of the ancient and traditional periods, and from drawing the plan and examining the basic and archetypal patterns, the characteristics of the formal and functional patterns in each of the buildings are listed. The purpose of conducting studies in different buildings is to explain the course of historical developments in different periods and the gradual process of evolution of the four-faced and four-porch patterns until the end of the traditional period.     Table (3). The course of developments in the formal and functional patterns of spaces according to the use of archetypes in the ancient and traditional periods     Chart (3). The gradual trend of scientific developments in the application of geometry in buildings and urban planning     Conclusion - The manifestation of justice and fairness in the architecture of Iranian houses is sought in various geometric components, including harmony, balance, unity, proportions, limits and boundaries, symmetry, equilibrium, hierarchy, and static principles. Through the coordination of quantitative and qualitative aspects of geometry in architecture before and after Islam, the relationship between order and size with the justice of God and the unity of components is addressed. Excellence in Iranian architecture is provided by the adaptation of sensory and rational perceptions in explaining the defined factors of mathematics and geometry in the course of developments from theoretical application to practice and manifestation in the architectural industry. - The application of geometry in the architecture of buildings (temples) dates back to Egypt and Turkey (Assyrian civilization), respectively, which was in the eighth century BC, and studies have shown the transfer of techniques from Egypt to Iran and then Turkey, and following that, in the fifth century BC, the construction of the Parthenon Temple began, which was in line with the research of Thales, Pythagoras, and then Platonic volumes are investigated. - The study and research in the field of applied geometry in Iranian architecture, influenced by the experiences of the ancient period, reached its peak and flourishing by Iranian scientists and philosophers in the tenth century.   Footnote <ol> <li>1. In the 7th century AH, Khwaja Nasir al-Din Tus was one of the prominent figures. During the Mongol era, he established an observatory in Maragheh and engaged in research in natural sciences such as mathematics, astronomy, and geometry. It was in this observatory that the Zij al-Ilkhani was compiled, and under Tusi's supervision, almost all classical Greek mathematical works were translated into Arabic. Some of Khwaja Nasir's mathematical books include:</li> </ol> - The book Kashf al-Qana’ on the secrets of the shape of the sphere, this book was translated into French by Iskander Pasha Karateu Derry in 1891. - Al-Hisab Baltakht wa al-Tarab. This book was translated into Russian in 1963. - Al-Risalah al-Shafi’ah an al-Shak fi al-Khuti al-Mutawaziyyah. This book was translated into Russian by Rosenfeld in 1960. - The writing of Euclid’s Principles. - The writing of Archimedes’ Book of the Sphere and the Cylinder <ol start="2"> <li>Baha' al-Din Muhammad Ameli, known as Sheikh Baha'i, was a scholar during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavi. He was born in Baalbek in 953 AH. He immigrated to Iran with his father at the age of 13. He has written in Persian and Arabic, totaling 88 books and treatises. His works include Kashkul, Divan Ghazaliyat, Jame' al-Abbasi (in jurisprudence), Khalasat al-Hesab, Shashq al-Aflaq, and two famous Mathnavis, "Nan va Halwa" and "Shir va Shakar." He passed away in Isfahan in 1030 AH. His body was transferred to Mashhad and buried in the Goharshad Mosque.</li> </ol>   References Ardalan, N., & Bakhtiar, L. (2019) Sense of Unity (The Role of Tradition in Iranian Architecture). Tehran: New Thought Book. Akbari, F. (2016) Rethinking the Geometric Proportions of Creation in Works of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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(1966) The Contribution of Iranian Architecture to the Emergence of Islamic Architecture in the Early Hijri Centuries. Art and People, 4-5(47). Tavassoli, M. (1984) The Art of Geometry. Tehran: Payam Publications. Jazbeebi, S. (1989) The Application of Geometry in Practice. Tehran: Soroush Publications. JavadiNodeh, M., Shahcheraghi, A., & Andalib, A. (2022) A study of the golden proportions and geometric principles derived from nature in the physical components of historical houses. Bagh-e-Nazar, 35-48. Haeri Mazandarani, M. (2020) Titus Burckhardt's contribution to the understanding of Iranian architecture. Iranian Institute of Philosophy and Wisdom Research, 2-31. Hejazi, M. (2008) Sacred geometry in nature and Iranian architecture. History of Science (7), 17-44. Hosseinzadeh, L. (2022) A comparative study of the geometry of the central courtyard in the architecture of native houses of Shiraz. Interdisciplinary Studies of Iranian Architecture, 179-201. Hamzenejad, M. (2006) Man, Nature and Architecture. Tehran: University of Science and Technology. RezazadehArdebili, M., & Sabet Fard, M. (2013) Recognizing the application of geometric principles in traditional architecture. Fine Arts-Architecture and Urban Planning Journal, 29-44. Zarkesh, A. (2009) The role and influence of government factors in the architecture of private buildings in the first Pahlavi period. Book of the Month of Art, 14-25. Saeedi, P., & Salehi, A. (2001) Formalist references to the history of Iranian architecture in order to give identity to contemporary housing. Letter of Architecture and Urban Planning, 53-74. Shahriari, P. (2009) Biography and works of Abu Al-VafaBozjani. Islamic Research. Sheikhi, M., Momeni, K., &Wasigh, B. (2001) Geometric analysis and Iranian golden and golden proportions in the castle of Mir Gholam Hashemi of Ilam. Ilam Culture, 23(76-77), 24-38. Saremi, H., &Namnam, M. (2014) Decoding Geometry and Proportions in Iranian Architecture. National Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering and Modern Urban Development. Saremi, A. (2010) Values of Iranian Architecture. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Publications. Tabatabaei, M. (2016) Designing Today's Houses in Continuation of Yesterday's Native House Patterns in the City of Zavareh. Isfahan: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art. Abbasi, N., GhasemiSichani, M., Vali Beig, N., &Saadoundi, M. (2019) Evaluation of the Opinions of Muslim Mathematicians (2nd to 11th Century AH) on the Nature of Geometry in Architecture. Architectural Thought, 3(5), 84-105. Gholamian, M., Agha Yazdanfar, S., & Norouzian Maleki, S. (2019) An approach to the common infrastructures underlying Iranian Islamic architecture. Scientific Hub of Islamic Architecture, 3-24. Karbasian, G., & Iran Talab, H. (2015) The combination of square and circular forms, the basic archetype in Iranian architecture. Modern research in civil engineering, architecture and urban planning. Tehran. Guthrie, D. (1996) History of Greek Philosophy (Pythagoras and Pythagoreans), translated by Mehdi Ghavam Safari. (M. Ghavam Safari, translator) Fekr Rooz Publications. Mohammadzadeh, N. (2016) Geometry and Proportions in Architecture. Mashhad: Aristotle Publications. Mardani, A., &Rusaei, A. (1997) The effect of the geometric pattern of the central courtyard on air flow in traditional houses of Shushtar. Islamic Iranian City, 71-102. Memarian, G. (1996) Introduction to Iranian Residential Architecture: Introverted Typology. Tehran: University of Science and Technology. Najafghalipour-Kalantari, N., Etesam, A., & Habib, F. (2017) A Study of Geometry and Golden Ratios in Iranian Architecture. Urban Management, 477-491. HashemiAzarvand, F. (2009) In Search of the Iranian House Pattern-Tehran City. Isfahan: Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art. Danaeinia, A., Azad, M., &Khamehchian, A. (2019) The Role of Geometry of Yard in the Formation of the Historical Houses of Kashan. Mathematics Interdisciplinary Research, 21-35. F.Brock, J. (2004) Pyramids to Pythagoras: Surveying from Egypt to Greece (3000 B.C. to 100 A.D.). JARCE stands for Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Rapoport, A. (1972) Pour uneanthropologie de la maison. Paris: Beaudoux-Kovats Edith. Zolfagharzadeh, H., Jafariha, R., &Delzendeh, A. (2017) Different Ways of Organizing Space Based on the Architectural Models of Traditional Houses: A New Approach to Designing Modern Houses: (Case Study: Qazvin's Traditional Houses). Space Ontology International Journal, 17-31. https://www.ysma.gr/en/monuments/parthenon/ https://chinarmart.com/2022/03/12/the-digital-reconstruction-of-the-legendary-armenian-temple-of-haldi-in-musarir/ <a href="https://www.urartians.com.tr/alticerik/62/temples-and-religious-practices.html">https://www.urartians.com.tr/alticerik/62/temples-and-religious-practices.html</a>         <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D Student in Architecture, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. projecthatami2020@gmail.com <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. emarate_khorshid@yahoo.com <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Professor of Art and Theater Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. mokhtabm@modares.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">****</a> Assistant Professor of Architecture Department, Tehran-West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. zare.leila@gmail.com  http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/48608Architectural style Traditional period Geometry Archetype Formal pattern (form).perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-0715574968articleIdentifying Key Factors Affecting Urban Prosperity with Futuristic Approach (Case Study: Tehran)Zeynab Alamatizeynabalamati@yahoo.com1alireza kaldia-kaldi@srbiau.ac.ir2مهرداد نوابخشmehrdad_navabakhsh@yahoo.com3Ph.D Student in Development Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran. Professor of Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Professor of Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Identifying Key Factors Affecting Urban Prosperity with a Foresight Approach (Case Study: Tehran)   Zeynab Alamati<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Alireza Kaldi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">*</a>* Mehrdad Navabakhsh<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">*</a>**   Half of the world's 7.7 billion people live in cities. In such a way that the accelerated process of urban population growth, urbanization and the emergence of megacities has put human societies in an unbalanced situation.Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the various dimensions of urban development and prosperity and basic planning for cities, and it has caused urban planners to look for new foresight approaches and use various tools to build a desirable future in cities.Tehran is not an exception to this rule and is facing new needs, challenges, and in fact newer and more serious uncertainties that require preparation to manage them and the application of foresight science in line with the future development of urban spaces and identifying comprehensive solutions for managing urban development and solving problems.Therefore, the approach of futurism by dealing with a wide range of future conditions by adopting participatory and reasoning approaches in the field of planning, emphasizes on finding the main and key factors and drivers of development and prosperity, so that uncertainties can be taken into account in the planning process and by having a control lever and managing the future, build a desirable future.The result of unbridled urban development of the metropolitan area of Tehran is considered the most important and strategic spatial area of the country from various economic, social and political aspects, the occurrence of various challenges in the physical-spatial, social and economic fields, which shows the weakness of spatial planning on a macro scale.In this regard, the science of futurism by studying the trends seeks to identify drivers and uncertainties that will affect the future of the metropolis of Tehran and is an important part of the concern of organizations, policy makers, decision makers and citizens.Also, gaining a proper and collective understanding of the issues, trends and other future-making elements that can affect the metropolis of Tehran, prosperity and strategic policy making for its future is extremely importantand which trend can shape the future of Tehran, as well as formulating sustainable policies and strategies in the face of a complex future full of uncertainties, is very important in the success of the local government, the organization and the custodians of the affairs of the city of Tehran. As a result, it is vital to be aware of what is happening and to identify emerging issues that may arise. This research aims to identify trends and identify uncertainties affecting the future of Tehran city, identify and evaluate various drivers, scenarios and images of the possible future of Tehran city development, and its main goal is to identify and analyze key factors affecting urban development and prosperity with a foresight approach.   Keywords: Futurism, MicMac, Tehran , Urban Development, Uncertainty.   Materials and Methods This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature based on new prospective research methods. Also a combination of scenario method, exploratory method and Delphi method has been used. The method of collecting survey information and its tools is based on library study.The method of collecting information and the means of collecting it is a researcher-made questionnaire and interviews through the creation of expert groups using the Delphi method. In the current research, the statistical population is all the experts, experts and urban managers of Tehran municipality, of which 30 people have been estimated as the sample size based on Cochran's model.Depending on the type of statistical community, different methods can be used for sampling. In this research, the snowball sampling method was used, and in the descriptive statistics section, frequency percentage, average, etc. were used. In the inferential statistics section, due to the transformation of the research variables into pseudo-interval variables, the importance or presence of each feature was calculated based on the Likert scale andthe score of each option was calculated by multiplying the score of each option and then by calculating the sum of the scores of the options, the score of each item was extracted. The formal validity of the research according to the opinions of experts in the fields of urban management and urban planning, and the reliability of the research was 0.72 based on Cronbach's alpha test in spss software, which means good and acceptable reliability.In order to identify factors affecting the development and prosperity of Tehran, the Delphi interview method has been used as the main method; For this purpose, through library studies, the features, conditions and issues of the region were identified and based on the library and documentary findings, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among the experts, who are known as expert panels in the Delphi method.Then the obtained data and the key factors identified by the elites were arranged in a 24 x 24 matrix in Mic Mac software and analyzed and the output was evaluated in line with the research objectives.In the next stage, the identified key factors were used to compile and present Tehran's future development scenarios, and based on the identified factors of the driving forces, a scenario cross was drawn in order to present orthogonal scenarios, and according to the score of each scenario, the preferred scenario was finally selected and used to compile and draw the vision of the development of the city of Tehran.   Results The obtained results indicate that Tehran metropolis is an unstable system. Based on the analysis of Mic Mac software, among the 51 factors examined from the research literature and experts' opinions in this field, finally 12 factors were extracted as the key factors and forces for the development and prosperity of Tehran.The result of the scatter plot of the variables affecting the key development forces of Tehran shows that the system is in an unstable state, and except for a few limited factors that have a high impact on the system, the rest of the factors and variables are almost similar to each other.Of these 12 final key factors, 4 variables are located in the first area or influential variables and 8 variables are located in the second area or two-way variables, where 2 variables of economic status and poverty are located in the dual area, 4 variables of social and spatial justice, good urban governance, citizen responsibility and improvement of the level of education and culture are located in the risk area and two variables of participation and security are located in the target area.Also, no factor was selected from other influential and independent areas. Also, based on the type, 6 economic factors, 4 social factors and 2 management factors were found, which indicates the role and importance of economic factors in the development of Tehran city and its future development. In the next order, in order to form the axes of the scenario, the principle of combination of variables has been used;In this way, the variable of economic status, unemployment and poverty, which are three external-internal variables and are also thematically related (economic), were considered as one of the axes of the scenario. The three variables of integrated urban management, good urban governance and social and spatial justice are three internal variables and are closely related to each other, so these three variables are combined and form another axis of the scenario.Thus, the two axes of the scenario are: economic situation and integrated urban management. Therefore, four scenarios for the future development of Tehran metropolis can be described, which are: <ol> <li>Improving the economic situation and integrated urban management</li> <li>Improving the economic situation and multiple urban management</li> <li>Economic recession and multiple urban management</li> <li>Economic recession and integrated urban management</li> </ol>   Conclusion This study reflects that the examination of the trends in Tehran metropolis (which has been done in the studies of the current situation), the views of the far-hand plans and the points of view and the results of the interviews with the managers all indicate compliance with the results of the futurist questionnaire in identifying and determining the key factors affecting the future development and prosperity of the metropolis of Tehranand the selectedscenario of the development of Tehran is the scenario of sustainable Tehran, in which the indicators of good urban governance and its realization in the metropolis of Tehran are prioritized, and as a result, we see an increase in people's participation in urban management and the growth of non-governmental organizations in the regionand the state of the economy has improved and with economic diversification has led to the reduction of unemployment and poverty; The first scenario is favorable and all the conditions in it are moving towards a suitable situation. Therefore, due to the nature of the development that exists in this scenario, there will be stable conditions in it, and it is presented under the title of sustainable Tehran scenario. In the end, it can be acknowledged that success in achieving all-round goals in Tehran metropolis depends on continuous interaction between key factors and detailed planning for drivers.In other words, sufficient attention from urban planners and managers to the influencing and driving factors and considering these key factors and the relationships between them will provide the necessary platforms for the realization, development and prosperity of the desired city.   References Domingo D, Palka G, Hersperger A M (2021) Effect of zoning plans on urban land-use change: A multi-scenario simulation for supporting sustainable urban growth,Sustainable Cities and Society, vol: 69. Pp1-19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102833">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102833</a>. Dufva, M, Könnölä, T &Koivisto, R (2015) Multi-layered foresight: Lessons from regional foresight in Chile, Futures, vol:73. Pp100-111. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.08.010">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2015.08.010</a> Ibrahim B, Wind B, Maier K (2022) Future urban development scenarios for post-conflict Syria. How will returning refugees shape the future. Habitat Internationa, vol:119, 102499. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102499">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102499</a> Lumeng, L. I. U, &Jianguo, W. U (2022) Scenario analysis in urban ecosystem services research: Progress,prospects, and implications for urban planning and management. Landscape and Urban Planning,vol: 224, 104433. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104433">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104433</a>. Ratcliffe, J, Krawczyk, E (2011) Imagineering city futures: the use of prospective through scenarios in urban planning, Futures, vol: 43. Pp 642–653.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.05.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2011.05.005</a>. Rönkkö, E, Luusua, A, Eeva, A, Herneoja, A, Muilu, T (2017) New Resource-Wise Planning Strategies for Smart Urban-Rural Development in Finland, Systems, Vol: 10, No 5&sbquo; Switzerland&sbquo; Pp 1-10. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems5010010">http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems5010010</a>. Schwartz, P (1996) The Art of the Long view, New York, Doubleday.         <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a>Ph.D Student in Development Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran. zeynabalamati@yahoo.com <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">*</a>*Corresponding Author: Professor of Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. a-kaldi@srbiau.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*</a>**Professor of Sociology; Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. mehrdad_navabakhsh@yahoo.comhttp://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/37905Futurism MicMac Tehran Urban Development Uncertainty.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-0715576989articleGood Urban Governance Model (Case Study: Tehran Municipality) Shahreiar Dabirzadehshahreiardabirzadeh@gmail.com1Mahmood Shafieishafiee.mahmood@gmail.com2Ali Mirmoosavimirmoosavi@gmail.com3 Ph.D. Student Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.Associate Professor of Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran. Associate Professor of Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, IranGood Urban Governance Model (Case Study: Tehran Municipality)   Shahryar Dabirzadeh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Mahmood Shafiei<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Seyed Ali Mir-Mousavi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Good urban governance, as one of the fundamental principles of sustainable development, plays a crucial role in improving the quality of life for citizens. With the increase in urban population and the complexities of urban growth, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive model for effective urban governance. This study, using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis, aims to explore the realization of the good urban governance model, focusing on the requirements, barriers, and stakeholders in urban management, particularly in the context of Tehran Municipality. The study identifies trust, fairness, flexibility, equality, justice, and transparency as key requirements, while the most significant barriers include planning evasion, political interference, and vertical management. The research culminates in the development of a model, integrating theoretical literature, based on the results of interviews, and proposes strategies for implementing the good governance model across societal, local government, and market levels.   Keywords: Good Urban Governance, Tehran Municipality, Urban Management, Policy Making.   Introduction In today's world, cities serve as pivotal centers for economic, cultural, and social activities. With the growth of urban populations, the importance of good urban governance has intensified. In the 1990s, international institutions introduced good governance as a key to development (Gisselquis, 2012:5-6). Good governance is viewed as a multi-level and participatory process in contrast to traditional governance systems (Borzel et al., 2008:7). Although there has been a long history of organizational activities such as municipalities in our country, the Tehran Municipality has not yet effectively met the needs of citizens, particularly in large cities. According to global statistics and indices on governance, the state of urban management in Iran, especially in Tehran, clearly shows that urban governance is not in an ideal condition. This situation, reflected by the Global Cities Index (GCI), which ranks Tehran 125th among the top 150 cities worldwide, paints a clear picture of the serious challenges Tehran faces in urban management, particularly in governance and public services (Oxford Economics, 2024). Despite criticism of these indices, they reflect weaknesses in public service delivery, ineffective policies, and reduced institutional transparency, resulting in direct consequences like decreased investment, lower trust, diminished social capital, and weakened sustainable development. In urban development models, moving towards knowledge-based cities is seen as one of the most sustainable and optimal forms of urban development, which must incorporate strategic considerations based on the city's political, economic, cultural, and geographical context (Kalantari et al., 2022:57). The failure of urban development programs in implementing the good governance model or the visible inefficiencies and multi-layered issues in urban management and the effectiveness of urban policies has made this issue problematic. Thus, identifying the requirements, barriers, and stakeholders—three fundamental pillars—can significantly assist in designing an effective model in this field.   Methodology This study begins with a review and analysis of the literature related to the topic, with a systems-based approach. The main objective of this phase is to explore the concepts and categories related to good governance for Tehran Municipality. In this phase, the dimensions, components, and indices of the good governance model for Tehran Municipality are identified and analyzed using in-depth and exploratory interviews with selected academic experts. The collected qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis, which was used to identify and analyze the key dimensions and components. Based on these dimensions and components, a good governance model was proposed, and policies for achieving good governance, especially in confronting complex issues, were designed. In this study, the method used is qualitative analysis, specifically thematic analysis. This approach was chosen because previous models have mostly been designed from a quantitative, physical perspective, whereas this study uses a qualitative approach to analyze previous models and particularly leverage semi-structured interviews.   Discussion and Findings In this research, the goal of analyzing the themes of the good urban governance model is to first determine the dimensions and concepts of the model in light of its theoretical framework and global definitions. As shown in the initial model and the subject network, legitimacy, flexibility, the execution of urban development programs, equality and justice, accountability, transparency, participation, and trust are core elements of good urban governance in Tehran. Observing the numerous problems caused by centralized management methods suggests that achieving urban and regional development requires involving local and community-based institutions. This requires the development of civil society and approaches to neighborhood-level participatory development. Trust, as a key parameter of social capital, stands at the center of the model's requirements. Trust directly influences sustainable citizen participation, transparency, efficiency, effectiveness, and justice. It interacts with other requirements, and the designed model emphasizes this relationship. Additionally, implementing urban development plans, accountability, ethical standards, alignment of resources, empowerment of marginalized social groups, rule of law, and legitimacy are essential factors that are more specific to the Iranian context and the city of Tehran, thus making the model more localized. This is an aspect not commonly addressed in global models. According to the refined model in this study, good urban governance in Iranian municipalities faces deep structural and cultural challenges. The first barrier is the historical, cultural, and social mental frameworks rooted in Iranian thinking, such as a preference for centralized power, reliance on informal processes, and personal connections, all of which conflict with good governance principles like transparency, accountability, and efficiency. The second major challenge is the centralized governance structure in Iran, where urban management remains under central control instead of having the independence to make local decisions. Good urban governance in Iran requires structural transformation, granting relative independence to urban management while also focusing on layered structures, formal processes, and transparency. This transformation can make municipalities accountable, transparent, and efficient, ultimately improving citizens' quality of life.   Conclusion Implementing the governance model and its requirements, as well as overcoming the barriers to its execution—such as combating corruption and ensuring sustainable citizen participation—faces institutional challenges. The primary finding of this study is that the issue of governance has become a complex phenomenon. In the case of Tehran, this complexity stems from inefficiencies, ineffective policies, and the fragmentation of various governance and municipal issues. Despite numerous laws, incomplete city council regulations, the politicized nature of the capital, and the lack of clear distinctions between national and local issues, governance remains a complex issue. The crucial output from the proposed model and the numerous interviews with urban managers, experts, and supporting documents is that the solution lies in reforming the policy-making and governance model. Moving towards participatory governance is a key strategy to achieve the required elements in the proposed model for Tehran Municipality. Given the current challenges in urban governance, adopting an adaptive strategy is essential. The concept of adaptation is a political skill aimed at gradual, incremental changes and avoiding extreme responses. The entrenched habit of centralized management, vertical organizational structures, a reluctance to participate, and the mental models of managers and policymakers remain significant barriers to effective participatory governance. Analysis of stakeholders, local institutions, NGOs, and the use of social networks and software can foster involvement and participation in urban affairs. Dividing the city into neighborhoods and creating development plans based on the input of local residents will enhance sustainable, dynamic, and grassroots participation. Ultimately, public trust is one of the most important factors for achieving good governance. In conclusion, good urban governance should be seen not only as a managerial model but also as a social and cultural approach.   References Adila, W. (2024) Mapping The Evolution of Good Governance: A Literature Review Perspective. Politeia: Journal of Public Administration and Political Science and International Relations, 2(1), 1-11.DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.61978/politeia.v2i1.143">https://doi.org/10.61978/politeia.v2i1.143</a> Arszulowicz, M. (2025) Defining Good Governance: Praxeological Perspective. In Governance Strategies for Effective Sustainable Development (pp. 15-36). IGI Global. Elliott, M. & Thomas, R. (2024) 10. Good Governance—An Introduction. Public Law. Eneqvist, E. Algehed, J. Jensen, C. & Karvonen, A. (2022) Legitimacy in municipal experimental governance: questioning the public good in urban innovation practices. European Planning Studies, 30(8), 1596-1614.https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.2015749. Graham, M. Maloney, M. &Foth, M. (2023) A City of Good Ancestors: Urban Governance and Design from a Relationist Ethos. Designing More-than-Human Smart Cities: Beyond Sustainability, Towards Cohabitation.239-266.DOI:10.1093/9780191980060.003.0014. Ishak, N. Hasibuan, R. R. &Arbani, T. S. (2020) Bureaucratic and Political Collaboration Towards a Good Governance System. Bestuur, 8(1), 19-26.DOI:10.20961/bestuur. v8i1.42922. Omri, A. Kahia, M. &Kahouli, B. (2021) Does good governance moderate the financial development-CO2 emissions relationship? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(34), 471516-47503.DOI:10.1007/s11356-021-14014-1  Oxford Economics. (2024) Global Cities Index 2024. Oxford Economics. World Bank. (2023) Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). The World Bank Group. SaeidiRezvani, N. Razavi, N. Mohammad, S. &Rashtiyan, S. M. (2023) Investigating the status of good urban governance indicators and their impact on urban regeneration (Case study of the worn texture of Semnan city). Spatial Planning.         <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Ph.D. Student Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran. shahreiardabirzadeh@gmail.com                                                                                                    <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Associate Professor of Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran. <a href="mailto:shafiee.mahmood@gmail.com">shafiee.mahmood@gmail.com</a> <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Associate Professor of Political Science, Mofid University, Qom, Iran.  <a href="mailto:mirmoosavi@gmail.com">mirmoosavi@gmail.com</a>http://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/49111Good Urban Governance Tehran Municipality Urban Management Policy Making.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-07155791115articleExplaining the Relationship between Use and Vitality in Tehran's Urban Squaresfatemeh moslehabadifatemehmosleh@gmail.com1Marjan KhanmmohamadiKhanmohamadi.marjan@kiau.ac.ir2Mohammad Saeed Izadims.izadi@basu.ac.ir3Ph.D Student, Department of Architecture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran.Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Design, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Explaining the Relationship between Use and Vitality in Tehran's Urban Squares   Fatemeh Moslehabadi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>  Marjan Khanmohammadi<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Mohammad Saeed Izadi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   The central fabric of Tehran has declined in vitality due to unbalanced urban development and homogeneous land uses. This study analyzes the relationship between land use characteristics and urban vitality across four urban squares: Baharestan, Hassan Abad, Tajrish, and Haft Hoz. Using a mixed-method approach based on behavioral sciences and field data (observation, interviews, and questionnaires), data were analyzed through exploratory, inductive, and confirmatory methods. Findings reveal that ten physical, functional, and managerial land use characteristics significantly contribute to vitality. Among them, land use activity level, presence of population-attracting uses, and entrance personalization were most influential. The low scores of these features in Hassan Abad and Baharestan explain the decline of vitality in these squares.   Keywords: Vitality, Use,Urban Square.   Introduction With the horizontal expansion of Tehran, the old parts of the city and the central and historical context have faced a decline in environmental quality and vitality in recent decades due to uncoordinated development, environmental degradation, changes in land use, and the expansion of wholesale and warehousing activities (Ganjali et al., 2019: 20; Hedayatnejad Kashi, 2019: 6; MaqboolEghbali, 2019: 167). The conversion of residential to commercial uses, displacement of the indigenous population, increased traffic congestion, and evacuation of the city center during non-working hours are among the consequences of these developments, which have led to the weakening of the city's historical identity. Domestic research shows that Tehran’s urban squares, which were once the center of social interactions, are now facing a decline in citizen presence and a decline in spatial attractiveness (Shahrokhifar et al., 1401: 83). In the meantime, urban vitality has been proposed as a key indicator for measuring the quality of public spaces and social dynamics, and the concept of urban vitality revolves around people’s satisfaction with all aspects of urban life (Fang & et al, 2021: 2). Therefore, understanding the factors affecting vitality can play a fundamental role in improving the quality of urban planning, design, and management. A review of previous studies confirms the importance of physical characteristics of the environment and diversity of uses (Mehta, 2006; MolaeiHashtjin et al., 1400), the role of urban furniture (NabatiShahrzaei et al., 1403), the integration of commercial and residential uses (Shahrokhifar et al., 1401), and indicators of security and sociability (Karami et al., 1400; Salaripour et al., 1403; Kaviani et al., 2021), color and materials, sidewalk space, lighting (Badahhang et al., 1402), and the activity of uses (Zumelzu& et al, 2019) in increasing urban vitality. Given this necessity, the present study uses a behavioral-applied approach to analyze the relationship between physical, functional, and managerial characteristics of uses and the level of vitality in four urban squares in Tehran (Baharestan, Hassanabad, Tajrish, and Haft-Houz). The study variables include physical dimensions (facade articulation, visual appeal, transparency, width, and density of uses), functional (activity level, diversity, and population-attracting uses), and managerial (personalization of entrances and permeability).   Research Method This research was conducted with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) and using exploratory, inductive and confirmatory methods. Data were collected through behavioral mapping, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Baharestan, Hassan Abad, Tajrish and Haft Hoz squares were selected as study locations. In the field section, user behavior in urban spaces was observed during the period from Mehr to Aban 1402 under similar weather conditions and at different times from 7 am to 11 pm on weekdays and weekends. Observations included recording the type and amount of activity, duration of stay, physical condition and social interactions of users. In spaces with higher activity, observations were made with greater accuracy. The observations were conducted in two forms: structured and unstructured. In structured observations, data were recorded at specific time intervals, and in unstructured observations, photographs and short videos were used to record behavioral patterns. In parallel with the observations, questionnaires were designed to measure the users' subjective dimensions of the space, examining the dimensions of personalization, expression, permeability, and visual appeal of the uses. The questionnaires were prepared in consultation with architecture and urban planning experts and distributed among the users of the squares and the owners of the ground floor businesses. Finally, the data from the observations, questionnaires, and interviews were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient in Excel software, and the degree of correlation and intensity of the relationship between user characteristics and the level of vitality in urban squares were examined.   Conclusion Table 1. Comparison of the correlation between ten land use characteristics and vitality in four study areas   <table width="551"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="176"> Components of uses in order of impact </td> <td width="105"> Tajrish Square </td> <td width="85"> Haft-Houz Square </td> <td width="86"> Baharestan Square </td> <td width="100"> Hassanabad Square </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Vitality </td> <td width="105"> 10 </td> <td width="85"> 7.8 </td> <td width="86"> 2.8 </td> <td width="100"> 2.5 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Good </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> Low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Entry personalization Correlation 0.86-Very strong </td> <td width="105"> 6.86 </td> <td width="85"> 6.77 </td> <td width="86"> 4.65 </td> <td width="100"> 4.35 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> High </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> Low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Activity of uses Correlation 0.70-Strong </td> <td width="105"> 8.49 </td> <td width="85"> 6.57 </td> <td width="86"> 6.42 </td> <td width="100"> 4.81 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Moderate </td> <td width="86"> Moderate </td> <td width="100"> Low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Popular attraction uses Correlation 0.69-Strong </td> <td width="105"> 7.86 </td> <td width="85"> 0.71 </td> <td width="86"> 1.19 </td> <td width="100"> 0 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Low </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> Very low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Visual attractions Correlation 0.67-Good </td> <td width="105"> 5.59 </td> <td width="85"> 5.43 </td> <td width="86"> 4.48 </td> <td width="100"> 6.20 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> Moderate </td> <td width="85"> Moderate </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> High </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Facade articulation Correlation 0.64-Good </td> <td width="105"> 5.13 </td> <td width="85"> 5.47 </td> <td width="86"> 3.67 </td> <td width="100"> 4.24 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> Moderate </td> <td width="85"> Moderate </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> Low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Permeability Correlation 0.61-Good </td> <td width="105"> 6.79 </td> <td width="85"> 3.80 </td> <td width="86"> 3.89 </td> <td width="100"> 5.12 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Low </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> Moderate </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Diversity Correlation 0.47-Average </td> <td width="105"> 7.50 </td> <td width="85"> 5.71 </td> <td width="86"> 5.59 </td> <td width="100"> 1.90 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Moderate </td> <td width="86"> Moderate </td> <td width="100"> Very low </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Width of Uses Correlation 0.34-Weak </td> <td width="105"> 5.68 </td> <td width="85"> 4.38 </td> <td width="86"> 4.85 </td> <td width="100"> 7.27 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> Moderate </td> <td width="85"> Low </td> <td width="86"> Low </td> <td width="100"> High </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Density of Uses Correlation 0.31-Weak </td> <td width="105"> 6.36 </td> <td width="85"> 5.45 </td> <td width="86"> 5.76 </td> <td width="100"> 7.58 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> High </td> <td width="85"> Moderate </td> <td width="86"> Moderate </td> <td width="100"> High </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" width="176"> Transparency Correlation 0.20-Very Weak </td> <td width="105"> 5.20 </td> <td width="85"> 3.92 </td> <td width="86"> 5.52 </td> <td width="100"> 6.84 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="105"> Moderate </td> <td width="85"> Low </td> <td width="86"> Moderate </td> <td width="100"> High </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="176"> Descriptions </td> <td width="105"> High Activity of Uses, Personalization and Crowd-Attracting </td> <td width="85"> Uses High articulation, green space and garden edges </td> <td width="86"> Low activity of uses and poor articulation and low diversity in some sections </td> <td width="100"> Low activity of uses, absence of population-attracting uses, low diversity and personalization of uses   </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Conclusion Interpretation and Evaluation of Research Results: The present study analyzed the factors affecting the vitality of urban squares in Tehran using a combined approach (behavioral observation and Pearson correlation analysis). The results showed that the components of “personalization of entrances”, “activity of users”, “crowd-attracting uses” and “visual attractiveness” have the greatest impact on enhancing vitality. In contrast, “transparency of facade” and “density of users” showed a weak relationship with vitality. Tajrish Square had the highest score in most of the characteristics (Users activity, diversity, personalization of entrances, crowd-attracting uses, permeability), which indicates that this square has performed more successfully than other squares in terms of dynamism and the presence of people. Haft-Hoz Square performed well in some criteria such as activity of users and Facade articulation, but it scored lower than Tajrish and was ranked after it. In contrast, Baharestan and Hassanabad squares had lower scores in most characteristics, and Hassanabad in particular had very poor scores in the "diversity of use" and "population-attracting uses" indicators. In conceptual and methodological innovation, this research is distinguished from other similar studies by focusing on the architectural body and using a combination of behavioral mapping analysis and Pearson correlation, especially in vitality analysis. The use of exploratory methods and Pearson correlation analysis guarantees high validity of the results, and the discovered relationships have acceptable reliability. With a multidimensional approach to the characteristics of uses (physical-functional-management) in vitality analysis and the use of fields with different identities, its findings have the ability to be generalized to other similar projects and improve the design and management of urban spaces.   References Badahhang, A. Kalantari Khalilabad, H. Ziari, K. 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HedayatNejad Kashi, M (2019) “Analysis of the effects, explanation and presentation of a spatial-physical model effective on urban vitality with a sustainable development approach”, PhD thesis, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Fang, C., He, S., & Wang, L. (2021) Spatial characterization of urban vitality and the association with various street network metrics from the multi-scalar perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, vol:9, p:1-13. Doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.677910. Kaviani, E., Afzalian, K., Sahaf, M., &Seyedolhosseini, S. M. (2021) Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the Liveliness of Mashhad's Public Spaces Relying on Image Perception and Analysis. Geographical Research, 36(1), 63-73. Doi: 10.29252/geores.36.1.63. Mehta, V. (2006) Lively streets: Exploring the relationship between built environment and social behavior. University of Maryland, College Park. Zumelzu, A., & Barrientos-Trinanes, M. (2019) Analysis of the effects of urban form on neighborhood vitality: Five cases in Valdivia, Southern Chile. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 34(3), 897-925. Doi: 10.1007/s10901-019-09694-8.     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D Student, Department of Architecture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran. fatemehmosleh@gmail.com <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran. Khanmohamadi.marjan@kiau.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Design, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. ms.izadi@basu.ac.irhttp://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/48657Vitality UseUrban Square.perInstitute of Humanities and Social Studies, Iraninan Academic Center for Education, Culture & Research (ACECR)مطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X2980-94282025-071557117132articleExplaining the Role of Sidewalks in Increasing the Morale of Citizens to Reduce Crimes in Urban Space (Case Study: Aligudarz County)محمد بهزادپورmohammad.behzadpour@gmail.com1hamid bazrphachhamid.bazrpach@iau.ac.ir2mohammadreza mousaviseyedmohamadreza.mousavi@iau.ir3Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Hashtgerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hashtgerd, Iran.Associate Professor, Law Department, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.Ph.D Student in Architecture, Tafresh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tafresh, Iran.Explaining the Role of Sidewalks in Increasing the Morale of Citizens to Reduce Crimes in Urban Space (Case Study: Aligudarz County)     Mohammad Behzadpour<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Hamid Bazrpaj<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>  Seyyed Mohammad Reza Mousavi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   As one of the key components of urban public spaces, sidewalks play an important role in shaping the sense of vitality and morale of citizens. In Aligudarz city, proper design and optimal use of sidewalks can have a great impact on reducing crime and misdemeanors. The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature, survey in implementation, and questionnaire in data collection method. This study seeks to examine the role of sidewalks in strengthening the sense of belonging to space and improving the quality of urban life by promoting social interactions and providing a safe and peaceful environment. By creating a suitable space for traffic, sidewalks allow citizens to be actively present in public spaces and establish positive social connections, which ultimately reduces the feeling of insecurity and creates a more social space. Also, proper design of sidewalks can have a great impact on reducing street crime, because spaces that are visually and physically clear and full of people are less prone to crime. The results showed that in Aligudarz city, increasing the quality of sidewalks plays a significant role in increasing the vitality and morale of citizens and reducing crime and urban interactions of citizens. According to the analysis of the questionnaires, increasing the quality of sidewalks has a direct impact on reducing crime and vitality among citizens; therefore, in Aligudarz city, the proper design and implementation of sidewalks will be a reason for citizens to be present in the urban space, which should be considered by urban managers and will reduce the excessive use of private vehicles.   Keywords: Sidewalk, Urban space, Vitality, Morale of citizens, Aligudarz city     Introduction Providing pedestrian movement in the city and creating suitable urban spaces for people to be present in the urban environment has led to the development of new trends and perspectives in the field of urban planning and architecture in the world. (Jahangir et al., 1:1400) Cities and biological complexes are among the most obvious and tangible manifestations of human culture, which, by displaying objective and perceptible spaces, express many of the intellectual and mental components affected and resulting from it. (Sabermanesh et al., 3:1400) Sidewalks, as a key element, have a social role in which pedestrians have complete dominance. A weak physical space for pedestrians is a factor in the dominance of cars over public urban spaces and causes the decline of intimate walks and social interactions between citizens. (Aram and Mansoorian, 3:1400) Today, the use of sidewalks, especially in the protection of ancient urban textures, has found its place in urban planning discussions and is used as a useful tool to preserve the spaces of the ancient urban texture and reconcile it with modern urban spaces and its residents. (Kalantari Khalilabad et al., 1:1395) Sidewalks play a significant role in the movement of city residents and the transfer of traffic between different areas of the city. Today, the increase in the population of cities and existing traffic problems evoke the need to pay more attention to the creation of sidewalks and pedestrian paths. Developing sidewalks and encouraging people to walk will play an effective role in the sustainable development of cities, provided that existing standards and criteria are used in the design of sidewalks. (2008, Forrester). Based on this, the research hypothesis can be explained as follows: 1- The existence of well-designed and suitable sidewalks in Aligudarz County will increase the sense of vitality and social interactions among citizens, which will lead to a decrease in the feeling of insecurity and, as a result, a decrease in the occurrence of crime in the urban space. 2- Increasing access to safe and attractive sidewalks in Aligudarz County will reduce social isolation and strengthen the sense of belonging to the urban environment, which can lead to a decrease in crime rates, especially petty and non-violent crimes, in this area. The objectives and hypotheses of the research are as follows. The main objective of the research is to investigate the effect of sidewalks on increasing the vitality and reducing crime among citizens of Aligudarz County, and the secondary objectives of the research: 1- To investigate the effect of sidewalk design and features (such as lighting, urban furniture, and green space) on increasing social interactions and the sense of vitality among citizens in Aligudarz County. 2- Analyzing the relationship between increasing the use of sidewalks and reducing the rate of social crimes (such as theft and violence) in different areas of Aligudarz city.   <a name="_Toc399516064"></a>  Research Method This is a descriptive-analytical study that examines the current state of sidewalks and their effects on the sense of vitality, morale of citizens, and the reduction of crime in Aligudarz city. The statistical population of this study includes citizens of Aligudarz city who use urban sidewalks. In order to select a sample, random sampling or stratified sampling can be used to consider representatives of all age, gender, and social groups.   Conclusion The results of this study show that sidewalks in urban spaces act not only as traffic routes but also as an effective factor in increasing the sense of vitality, positive morale of citizens and reducing crime in urban environments. Considering the research hypotheses and objectives, this study has examined the role of various indicators such as accessibility, lighting, safety, sense of security, recreation, service and aesthetics in improving the quality of life and reducing crime. Considering the proposed indicators, the results of the study show that the design of sidewalks should be done carefully and with attention to various dimensions such as accessibility, lighting, safety, sense of security, recreation, service and aesthetics in order to help improve the quality of urban life and reduce crime and crime rates. Sidewalks that have all these features provide a safe, cheerful and high social interaction environment, which in turn reduces social crimes and increases the general morale of citizens; Therefore, urban officials should pay more attention to the importance of careful design of these spaces and advance urban policies to improve the condition of sidewalks and public spaces. By conducting this research, we can say that the hypotheses raised at the beginning of the article are acceptable and these hypotheses are confirmed by documentary and non-documentary studies. In this research, we find that people prefer to walk in places where design regulations and standards are observed and the path is enjoyable for people in terms of spirit and mental perception, and this creates vitality in the urban space and increases interactions in the city. The results showed that sidewalks play a significant role in the quality of life and urban spaces, the vitality and urban interactions of citizens. Proper care and design of sidewalks will increase the presence of citizens in the urban space and is also very effective in reducing crime. This increases walking and reduces excessive use of personal vehicles. The factors that influence people's presence in urban spaces and the use of sidewalks include security and safety, vitality, legibility, access to uses, appropriate access for the disabled and physically challenged, visual appeal, etc., and observing them will result in the presence of as many people as possible in urban spaces and sidewalks.   Discussion and Conclusion 1-It seems that sidewalks have an impact on increasing the morale of citizens, social and economic interactions, and the vitality of the urban space.   Table 7: General characteristics of the regression analysis of predictor variables that indicate that sidewalks increase citizen morale, social and economic interactions, and the vitality of urban space   <table width="537"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="121"> Statistical indicator Regression model </td> <td width="88"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td width="103"> Coefficient of determination Adjusted </td> <td width="55"> </td> <td width="76"> F </td> <td width="94"> Significance level </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="121"> Sidewalks boost citizens' morale </td> <td width="88"> 0/977 </td> <td width="103"> 0/954 </td> <td width="55"> 0/952 </td> <td width="76"> 578/467 </td> <td width="94"> 0/0001 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>     Table 8- Regression coefficients of predictor variables on sidewalks on increasing citizen morale   <table width="599"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="141"> Statistical indicator Regression model </td> <td width="110"> Standard error Unstandardized coefficients </td> <td width="100"> Standard error </td> <td width="98"> (β) </td> <td width="86"> t </td> <td width="64"> sig </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141"> Pedestrian </td> <td width="110"> 0/079 </td> <td width="100"> 0/071 </td> <td width="98"> 0/085 </td> <td width="86"> 1/112 </td> <td width="64"> 0/271 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="141"> Citizens' Spirit </td> <td width="110"> 0/969 </td> <td width="100"> 0/083 </td> <td width="98"> 0/897 </td> <td width="86"> 11/680 </td> <td width="64"> 0/0001 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>     Table 9 - Pearson correlation matrix between citizen vitality and safety factors, design criteria, and visual attractiveness of sidewalks   <table> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" width="300"> Variable </td> <td colspan="2" width="303"> Safety factors, design criteria, and visual appeal of sidewalks </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="224"> Dependent variables </td> <td width="76">   </td> <td width="152"> Correlation coefficient </td> <td width="151"> Significance level </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="224"> Between the vitality of citizens and safety factors, design criteria and visual appeal of sidewalks </td> <td width="76">   </td> <td width="152"> 0/901 </td> <td width="151"> 0/0001 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 0/0001**p≤     References Amiri, Hossein; Hekmat, Mehdi; Beiranvandzadeh, Maryam and Khodadad, Mehdi. 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(2022) Investigating the role of urban sidewalks in increasing the vitality of urban spaces (Case study: Tarbiat sidewalk, Tabriz) The Fifth National Conference on New Technologies in Architectural, Civil and Urban Engineering of Iran, Tehran https://civilica.com/doc/1661457.   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Hashtgerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hashtgerd, Iran. <a href="mailto:Mohammad.behzadpour@hiau.ac.ir">Mohammad.behzadpour@hiau.ac.ir</a> <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Associate Professor, Law Department, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. hamid.bazrpach@iau.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Ph.D Student in Architecture, Tafresh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tafresh, Iran. seyedmohamadreza.mousavi@iau.irhttp://iic.ihss.ac.ir/Article/48507Sidewalk Urban space Vitality Morale of citizens Aligudarz city