مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107Re-reading the Concept of Place-Time in the Cosmological Islamic Utopia for Guiding Contemporary Iranian Urban Thought (Origin of Idea: A Reflection on the Isfahan School)بازخوانی مفهوم مکان- زمان در آرمان‌شهر جهانشناختی اسلام برای هدایت جریانات فکری شهر معاصر ایرانی (خاستگاه اندیشه: تأملی بر مکتب اصفهان)125faمژده جمشیدیاستادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده جامعه و رسانه، واحد اصفهان (خواسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران 00000003138805802024422Re-reading the Concept of Place-Time in the Cosmological Islamic Utopia for Guiding Contemporary Iranian Urban Thought  (Origin of Idea: A Reflection on the Isfahan School)   Mojdeh Jamshidi<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   This study employs a qualitative and foundational approach, investigates the intellectual foundations of the utopian ideal in Islamic civilization, focusing on the constitutive roles of time and space as the ontological and structural bases of urban form and meaning. By engaging the philosophical contributions of Transcendent Theosophy and the Isfahan School during a seminal phase of Islamic intellectual history, the research aims to articulate a deeper theoretical understanding of the social philosophy of space and provide conceptual resources for contemporary Iranian urbanism and planning.   Keywords: Utopia, Transcendental Theosophy, Place-Time, Streams of Thought, Contemporary Iranian City.   Methodology The research is situated within an interpretive paradigm and grounded in a fundamental approach. Data were gathered through library and documentary sources and analyzed by inductive reasoning and thematic content analysis. Within this framework, the notions of time and space are precisely delineated, and their interrelations with other key urban-philosophical concepts are examined.   Main Findings           The analysis demonstrates that the utopian foundations of Islamic thought, when recontextualized for contemporary Iranian cities, rest on three essential domains: <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>The Sacred: derived from religious teachings and Qur’anic epistemes.</li> <li>The Structural: addressing social and spatial systems of urban life.</li> <li>The Experiential (Practical): embedded in everyday practices and lived urban experience.</li> </ul> These domains operate within spatio-temporal matrices that, informed by local geography and ideological frameworks, generate an indigenous urban tradition. This tradition, in turn, is structured around three normative principles: <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>Unity (structure-based): signifying social and spatial cohesion.</li> <li>Manifestation (action-based): denoting the creative and performative expression of individual and collective agency.</li> <li>Wayfaring (Sulūk) (rationality and local epistemology-based): representing the dynamic progression of society toward perfection.</li> </ul> Furthermore, the findings highlight that time and space mediate these principles and, in the context of contemporary Iran, assume four distinctive qualities: adaptive (arising from cultural patterns of care), threshold-oriented (reflecting liminal and transitional conditions), self-regulating (linked to the historical-geopolitical pressures of place), and imaginative (nurtured by art and creativity). Conclusion and Strategies:   Given the role of utopian models in reconciling spatial-temporal contradictions, the study proposes four strategic orientations for contemporary Iranian cities: <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>Contingent Strategy (synchrony–coexistence): emphasizing adaptability and coexistence with present conditions.</li> <li>Adaptive Strategy (continuity–cohesion): preserving social and spatial integrity amid change.</li> <li>Defensive Strategy (rhythm–endurance): safeguarding the rhythm and continuity of urban life against disruptions.</li> <li>Transformative Strategy (performative–creative): fostering progressive change through creativity and innovation.</li> </ul>   References Ardalan, N., & Bakhtiar, L. (2012) The sense of unity: The Sufi tradition in Persian architecture (Jalili, Trans.). Tehran: Royal Institute of Architectural Science. [In Persian] Asil, H. (2014) Utopia in Iranian thought. Tehran: Ney Publishing. [In Persian] Akoochakian, A. 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Early Modern French Studies, 45(1), 22–29. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/20563035.2023.2200410">https: //doi.org/10.1080/20563035.2023.2200410</a> Hayes, K. E. (2025) Imagined utopias: Brasília and the Valley of the Dawn. Religion, 55(2), 448–464. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2024.2444127">https: //doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2024.2444127</a> Levitas, R. (2013) Utopia as method: The imaginary reconstitution of society. Palgrave Macmillan.           <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Society and Media, Isfahan Branch (Khavaşgan), Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.</a> mojdeh.jamshidi@iau.ac.irآرمان&zwnj;شهر در تمدن اسلامی برخاسته از آیات قرآن است. آرمان&zwnj;شهرگرایی برای تشکیل جامعهای آرمانی به&zwnj;دنبال تعارض وضع موجود و ایدهآلهای بشری شکل میگیرد. زمان- &zwnj;مکان به عنوان بستر شکلدهنده به ساختار فرمی و محتوی آرمان&zwnj;شهر نقش مهمی در این زمینه دارد. هدف این پژوهش بازخوانی بنیانهای اندیشهای در شکلگیری فرم و محتوی زمان و مکان در آرمان&zwnj;شهر اسلامی با وامداری از اندیشۀ اجتماعی فضا است که با روش کیفی و با وامداری از پارادایم تفسیری و رویکرد بنیادی به دو مفهوم زمان و مکان از طریق استدلال استقرایی پرداخته است تا به تحلیل نوینی از مباحث نظری- &zwnj;فلسفی شهر دست یابد. مباحث نظری منتخب، با تأکید و تأملی بر آرای دوران طلایی از اندیشه جهان اسلام؛ یعنی حکمت متعالیه و مکتب اصفهان؛ و با تأکید بر مولفۀ فلسفۀ اجتماعی شهر است. برای تحلیل دادههای کتابخانهای و اسنادی از روش تحلیل موضوعی محتوی منابع کلیدی و توصیف مفهوم زمان و مکان و ارتباط با دیگر مفاهیم سازندۀ آنها استفاده میشود. نتایج تحلیل موضوعی حاکی از آن است که بنیانهای اندیشه در آرمان&zwnj;شهر اسلامی برای کاربست در جریانات اندیشهای شهر معاصر ایرانی ناشی از سه امر قدسی، ساختاری، تجربی (کنشی) است که در ظرف امر فضایی- زمانی شکل میگیرد. این بنیانها در خاستگاه ایدئولوژی خاص جامعۀ پذیرنده، سنت خاصی را مبتنی بر خاستگاه جغرافیایی ترسیم میکند که برای کاربست در جامعۀ معاصر ریشه در سه اصل وحدت (مبتنی بر ساختار)؛ تجلی (مبتنی بر کنش فاعلی) و سلوک (مبتنی بر عقلانیت و نظام بومی) دارد. فضا و زمان باید به&zwnj;عنوان میانجیگر در شکلدهی به شبکۀ ارتباطی این سه اصل در یک الگوی چند&zwnj;وجهی به اقتضای شرایط معاصر ایران خصلتی سازشی (ناشی از فرهنگ پرستاری)؛ آستانهای (بهدلیل شرایط بینابینی جامعه)؛ خودتنظیمی (به&zwnj;واسطۀ شرایط تهاجمی در تاریخ جغرافیا) و خیالانگیزی (به واسطۀ هنر و خلاقیت) ساختار یابد. نتایج پژوهش با توجه به نقش آینده&zwnj;نگاری آرمان&zwnj;شهرها در حل تعارضات مکانی- زمانی و برای کاربست در شهر معاصر ایرانی از 4 راهبرد برای رهایی از این تناقض میان وضع موجود و آرمان بهره میگیرد که این چهار راهبرد عبارتند از: راهبرد اقتضایی همزمانی- همزیستی؛ انطباقی پیوستگی- انسجام؛ تدافعی ریتم- تداوم و تهاجمی نمایشی- خلاقانه.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107The Impact of Islam on the Principles of Urban Planning in Iranبررسی نحوه و میزان تأثیرگذاری آموزه‌های اسلام بر ارکان و اصول شهرسازی ایران (قبل از ورود اسلام)2745faمینو علیخانیدانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانMi@30053ندامحمدرحیم پناهکارشناسی ارشد شهرسازی، واحد علوم و فناوری پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران سعیدشریف کاظمیدانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران2024107The Impact of Islam on the Principles of Urban Planning in Iran   Minoo Alikhani<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Neda Mohammad Rahimpanah<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Saeid Sharif Kazemi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Every city emerges from a specific philosophy and ideology and is shaped by its physical, natural, and political conditions, giving it a unique character. Furthermore, based on historical occurrences, each enduring thought has had its own city with distinctive traits. Divine religions, as ideologies and meta-paradigms, also have particular principles and foundations regarding the city, which influence the formation of the city accordingly. The aim of this research is to develop a comparative framework to assess the alignment between Islamic urban principles—or teachings of Islam—and Iranian urban principles. Specifically, it examines how closely Iranian urban principles, prior to the advent of Islam in Iran, align with Islamic teachings. To achieve this understanding, the study employed documentary and library research methods, with a descriptive-inferential approach. The key indicators were extracted based on the most significant qualitative characteristics from Islamic teachings and Iranian urban principles (before Islam). These indicators were then compared. Ultimately, by quantifying these qualitative indicators, it was concluded that the entry of Islam into Iran served as a remedial and supplementary influence, aiming to modify and improve pre-existing urban conditions.   Keywords: Islamic city, Iranian urban principles, Islamic teachings, Iranian city.   Introduction Urban planning, as a reflection of the culture, worldview, and social structures of each civilization, has always been shaped by ideological, religious, and environmental factors. Iran, with its rich history in urban development, witnessed the emergence of diverse styles such as Persian, Hellenistic, and Parthian before the advent of Islam. Each of these styles evolved in accordance with the political, economic, and cultural circumstances of their respective eras (Habibi, 1999: 65). With the introduction of Islam into Iran, a new system of values and thought was established, which naturally influenced the principles of urban planning in the country. The main question of this study is whether Islamic teachings led to fundamental changes in Iran’s urban planning principles or served primarily as corrective and complementary influences. To what extent do Islamic teachings align with the pre-Islamic urban planning principles in Iran? Previous studies have indicated diverse perspectives on this issue. Some scholars argue that the advent of Islam resulted in a complete transformation of Iranian urbanism, while others believe that Islamic teachings mainly acted as reforms to the existing structures (Naghi Zadeh, 2010: 60). This study adopts a comparative approach and uses both qualitative and quantitative indicators to address the issue.     Research Methodology This research employs a descriptive–analytical method with a comparative approach. Data collection was conducted through library and documentary research, reviewing scientific articles, historical texts, Islamic sources, and research reports related to Islamic and pre-Islamic urban planning.   Identification of Indicators In the first stage, qualitative indicators were extracted from Islamic teachings and the principles of pre-Islamic Iranian urbanism. The most important indicators include monotheism (Tawhid), servitude and worship, piety, remembrance, justice, reform, contemplation, security, moderation, urban construction principles, and hygiene (PurMohammadi et al., 2019: 34). These indicators were derived from specialized texts and Islamic scriptures and then compared with the physical and social features of pre-Islamic Iranian cities.   Data Analysis Method For evaluation, two conditions were considered for each criterion. First, if a criterion existed in pre-Islamic Iranian urbanism, it was marked with a qualitative (+) and assigned a quantitative value of 100. Second, if absent, it was marked with a qualitative (–) and assigned a value of 0. For criteria with sub-criteria, each was evaluated separately, and their quantitative scores were aggregated to determine the final score. Based on an inferential hypothesis, results falling within: <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li>0–33% indicate a significant gap between Islamic teachings and Iranian urban planning, implying a fundamental transformation (akin to a full-scale surgical change) post-Islam.</li> <li>33–66% reflect a relatively complete worldview in Iranian urbanism, requiring corrective reforms by Islamic teachings.</li> <li>66–100% suggest a highly compatible and robust urban system, largely unaffected or only strengthened by Islamic teachings (SaberManesh et al., 2022: 3).</li> </ul> The Boolean method was employed to measure conformity, assigning a score of 1 for presence and 0 for absence, and calculating the overall percentage.   Strengths and Weaknesses of the Methodology The main strength of this method lies in its ability to quantify qualitative aspects, providing a clear picture of conformity levels. The use of diverse historical and Islamic data adds analytical depth. However, its main weakness is the reduction of complex qualitative concepts to simple numerical values, potentially overlooking philosophical and social intricacies (Kalantari et al., 2014: 18).   Findings and Discussion The findings revealed an overall conformity rate of 63.64% between Islamic teachings and pre-Islamic Iranian urban planning principles. This percentage falls within the 33–66% range, suggesting that Islamic teachings primarily acted as corrective and complementary reforms to existing urban principles (Pourjafar et al., 2015: 5). Manifestation of Monotheism (Tawhid): Tawhid, the core of the Islamic worldview, manifests in both physical and social dimensions of Islamic cities as a reflection of unity. Pre-Islamic Iranian cities (Persian and Parthian styles) exhibited elements of social unity, but these were mainly based on hierarchical and governmental structures rather than divine centrality (Naghi Zadeh, 1998: 52).   Justice Justice, a fundamental principle of Islamic urbanism, ensures equitable social relations, distribution of resources, and spatial design. In contrast, pre-Islamic cities, structured around caste systems, lacked true social justice (Naghi Zadeh, 1998: 47). Servitude and Worship (Ibadah): Islamic cities centered around spaces for worship, with mosques playing pivotal roles. Pre-Islamic Iranian cities had temples and fire altars, but these were primarily accessible to specific social classes (Naghi Zadeh, 1998: 52).   Security: Islamic urbanism encompasses multidimensional security—social, economic, and physical. Pre-Islamic cities emphasized physical security through fortifications but paid less attention to social security (Akbari Nasrabadi et al., 2016: 5). Reform and Contemplation: Islam emphasizes land development and learning from history. Pre-Islamic practices, such as irrigation systems and qanats, show similarities in these areas (YousefiFar, 2010: 147).   Hygiene: Islam integrates public health into urban principles, focusing on both physical and mental well-being. Ancient Iranian texts also reflected environmental consciousness, but Islamic approaches were broader and more human-centered (Khalandi, 2017: 114).   Conclusion The study concludes that pre-Islamic Iranian urban planning, while relatively complete in its physical and organizational aspects, lacked the human-centered and spiritual dimensions emphasized by Islamic teachings. The integration of Islamic ideology resulted in a synthesis that enhanced both traditions. With a conformity rate of 63.64%, Islamic teachings functioned as corrective and complementary influences rather than initiating fundamental structural changes. 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(2019) "Islamic City: Imagination or Reality," Journal of Urban Knowledge, 3(2), 33-47.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.22124/upk.2019.13124.1184">10.22124/upk.2019.13124.1184</a> Dio : Taghizadeh, Mohammad (2010) An Iranian Account of Wisdom, Meaning and Examples of Art, 9644264231, 1, Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. Haj Seyed Javadi, Seyed Kamal. (2011) "Health Vocabulary in Persian Literature." Payesh, 11(1), 139-149. SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/23362/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/23362/fa</a>. Habibian, Homa, & Jalalian, Nasim. (2015) "Matching the Indicators of Islamic Urban Planning in Urban Space." National Conference on Native Iranian Architecture and Urban Planning. SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/826668/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/826668/fa</a>. Habibi, Seyed Mohsen (2018), From "Shar" to "Shahr" (A Historical Analysis of the Concept of City and Its Physical Appearance, Thought and Influence), 978-964-426-5206-9, 17, Tehran, University of Tehran. 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(2009) Al-Hayat., Ahmad Aram, Qom, Dalile Ma.     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* Corresponding Author</a>: Ph.D Student in Urban Planning, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. mi.alikhani@iau.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> M.A of Urban Planning, Campus Science and Technology Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. neda_rahimpanah@yahoo.com <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Ph.D Student in Urban Planning, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. persiancheif@gmail.comهر شهر از دل یک فلسفه و ایدئولوژی ویژه تحقق و بسته به شرایط (فیزیکی، طبیعی و سیاسی موجود) رنگ و بوی خاص خود را پیدا می&zwnj;کند. همچنین به استناد به آنچه تاکنون در جهان رخ داده است هر اندیشة مانایی دارای ویژگیهای خاص متعلق به خود داشته است. ادیان آسمانی نیز به&zwnj;عنوان یک ایدئولوژی و فرا&zwnj;پارادایم، مبانی ویژهای را در&zwnj;خصوص شهرها داشته&zwnj;اند که براساس آنها شهر، شکل میگرفته است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش آن است که بتوانیم به یک تراز قیاسی و تطبیقی درخصوص تطابق آموزههای اسلام با اصول و ارکان شهرسازی ایرانی برسیم. بدان&zwnj;معنا که تا چه میزان اصول شهرسازی ایران قبل از اسلام با آموزه&zwnj;های اسلام تطابق دارد. به&zwnj;منظور دستیابی به این شناخت، با استفاده از روش اسنادی&zwnj;- کتابخانه&zwnj;ای و با رویکرد توصیفی- &zwnj;استنباطی، شاخصهای استخراج شده در قالب مهم&zwnj;ترین شاخصهای کیفی در آموزه&zwnj;های اسلام و اصول شهرسازی ایرانی (قبل از ورود اسلام) مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. در نهایت با کمی&zwnj;سازی شاخص&zwnj;های کیفی این نتیجه حاصل گردید که ورود اسلام به ایران به&zwnj;صورت یک مرهم ترمیمی و تکمیلی در جهت اصلاح آنچه وجود داشته، عمل نموده است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107Comparative Analysis of Proportions and Ornaments of the Entrance of Houses from the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras in Dezfulمقایسه تطبیقی تناسب و تزئینات ورودی خانه¬های دوره قاجار و پهلوی دزفول4760faبهزادوثیقدانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه صنعتی جندی شاپور دزفول، دزفول، ایران 2025120Comparative Analysis of Proportions and Ornaments of the Entrance of Houses from the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras in Dezful   Behzad Vasigh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Studying the facade provides information about aesthetic dimensions and its function. The facades of the Dezful texture have a special place due to the use of Xowoon. With the change in the way of urban structure during the Pahlavi era, the Myaneh texture was formed alongside the historical texture. This research attempts to compare the Geometric-Gestalt comparison of Xowoon in the facades of these periods. The research method is geometric analysis of the facades of houses from the Qajar and Pahlavi eras in Dezful. The information is based on field observation as well as documentary-library studies. The results show that the geometric proportion in the facades of houses had a different approach in the two periods. The Xowoon in both periods use similar Gestalt principles. Therefore, the facades of the Myaneh period, despite their differences with the historical period, are a continuation of the aesthetics of the historical period.   Keywords: Urban landscape, Dezful, golden ratio, Gestalt.     Introduction The historical buildings of Iran have diversified according to climate, culture, or construction technologies. The entrance is one of the elements that has a special identity in every architecture, and by studying its plan and the proportion of the doorway, this element can be studied. The facade of the house in north of Khuzestan, both in terms of its structure and its arrays, has a different form and, unlike the central plateau areas, has many decorations. Brick is a tool for making decorations in the architecture of Dezful, and this type of brickwork is called Xowoonchini. In this research, the aesthetic values of the art of Xowoonchini and the proportions of the facade are discussed based on geometric and Gestalt analysis. The purpose of this research is to make a comparative comparison of the facades of historical Qajar and Pahlavi houses. Therefore, the definition of the golden proportions has been discussed based on the degree of matching of the selected samples. the question is "how proportions have been used in the design of the facades of traditional and myaneh houses in Dezful? One of the methods of examining proportions is to use the golden proportion measure. The golden proportions, which are related to the numbers and the square, have been used in historical and Islamic monuments in Iran; therefore, they are called Islamic-Iranian proportions.   Research Method The method of conducting this research is descriptive-analytical of the output data from the input size calculations and geometric analysis of the facades of historical houses in Dezful. The works studied are located in the neighborhoods of Meyandareh, Qaleh, Bazaar, Loryan, Moghaddasyan, Siahposhan, Poladyan, Pirnazar, Masjed and Shah Rokn-o-din, as well as in the myaneh context section in the neighborhoods of Kalantryan, Kharatan and Sakyan, which are equivalent to eighty-five works. In selecting the case study, houses were selected that had intact facades and external walls and were also considered to have historical value by the Department of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Dezful. Information was obtained by photography and taking facades and decorations of the external walls, as well as library studies.   Findings The golden ratio in the length and height of the facades of the houses has been examined. If the difference in the proportions of the facades of these houses is seen with the golden ratio, it is known that most of these facades were designed close to this ratio. In the Myaneh period or buildings of the Pahlavi period, geometric measurements can be used. In the general view of the houses of the Myaneh, some elements such as the Kaniseh have been omitted. The proportions of the facade in these houses are also in the range of 1.618 to 1.73. By comparing these two periods, it can be seen that the golden ratio was used in the historical period and the difference in the facade numbers with this ratio is significant in the Myaneh. In some houses, the proportions of the facade and the entrance are the same or very close, which is a sign of observing proportion in all components of the facade. In other words, the overall proportion of the facade is induced by raising and lowering and the amount of decorations in the facade of the entrance. The presence of two different numbers in the proportions of the facade of the historical and Myaneh houses indicate a break in the proportion of the facade between these periods. Despite the difference in the size of the piece or the breaks that occur in the facade due to the rotation of the passage. the proportions are mainly constant in the facade of the houses. The purpose of the Gestalt study is to identify visual proportions in addition to numerical proportions. It is observed that the only element of "completion" is not seen in some of these decorations. Consequently, where the xowoonchini did not use complex texture; the element of the relationship between form and background is not seen. This issue is seen in the xowoonchini of the myaneh Texture. However, due to the decrease in the diversity of xowoonchini in this period, the absence of the elements of completion, the relationship between form and ground, and overlapping is more prominent in the Myaneh period.   Conclusion Historical facades are designed based on the principles of aesthetics, the function of the building, the intentions of the builders, and the cultural structures of the society. Meanwhile, houses can be more subject to diversity than other uses due to individual ownership. However, what is known as the historical architecture of Iran indicates an aesthetic continuity in the generalities of this architecture. Historical houses and the Myaneh period of Dezful in this research, with the aim of knowing to what extent the continuity of the past aesthetic tradition is seen in the contemporary era. A point that is received from other facade elements and determines the importance of using golden elements is that the ratio of length to height of the facade in these buildings does not follow a meaningful range, and each owner has determined the organization of the building based on his own finances and conditions; However, in the houses of the historical texture of Dezful, despite the expression of personal interests, the same principles can be expressed. In the houses of the myaneh texture; the gradual departure from the principles of traditional aesthetics has caused the only visible ratio to be the square ratio. The use of geometries and golden ratios decreased in the Pahlavi period, and mainly the equality of length and width replaced the previous rules. In the historical period, all the elements of Gestalt can be observed in the images, which is due to the use of xowoons. In the myaneh period, because less complex knots were used in Xowoonchini and mainly the artistic aspect of xowoon was weakened, the presence of the Gestalt elements of the form-ground relationship and integration also decreased. In general, the answer to the research question can be understood as follows: The perception of geometric proportion in the doorway as part of the facade, the xowoonchini decorations as an identity element and the facade of the entire external wall of the building, is seen as its urban landscape, which in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, the geometric proportion of the doorway exists and the urban landscape is also observed, but in the decorations, a different approach to proportions arises in the Pahlavi period. What highlights the cultural aspect of these proportions is the continuity in maintaining the ratio between the size of the doorway to the facade and also the lintels in accordance with each other. In other words, despite the difference in the ratio number between the historical and myaneh periods, the component of continuity itself indicates continuity in each period despite the change in aesthetic taste. This continuity itself is evidence of the continuity of architectural culture and aesthetics among the artists and people of Dezful.   Referenes Abbas, S. (2017) Golden ratio. Resonance, 22(1), 51-60. Abaeian, H., Hashemi, M., Valibeig, N., & Mohammadpour, S. (2018) The role of proportional systems in the forming of Sassanid square domes. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 3(2), 81-88. 10.22034/ijhcum.2018.02.01 Alwetaishi, M. (2019) "Impact of glazing to wall ratio in various climatic regions: A case study". Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 31(1), 6-18. https: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363916300381 Balilan, L. and Hasanpour Lomer, S. (2019) Geometric patterns and Golden proportion common language of architecture and art in the Abyaneh village. Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climate, 7(9), 45-68. Glava&scaron;, H., Hadzima-Nyarko, M., Haničar Buljan, I., & Barić, T. (2019) "Locating hidden elements in walls of cultural heritage buildings by using infrared thermography". Buildings, 9(2), 32. https: //doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020032 Mardani, ali. Roasaee, amin. (2021) The pattern effect of central courtyard geometric on the air flow in traditional houses of Shushtar. Iranian Islamic city studies, 3(43), 71. http: //arch.fatemiyehshiraz.ac.ir/en/Article/16349 Meisner, G. B. (2018) The golden ratio: the divine beauty of mathematics. Race Point Publishing. sarrafzadeh A, Didehban M, Vasigh B, sarrafzadeh M. 2021 Evaluation of real dimensions in the aesthetics of brick designs using codas technique (A case study: Xowunchini in the historical context of Dezful houses). SciJPH; 11 (21) : 73-85 URL: <a href="http://ph.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1009-en.html">http: //ph.aui.ac.ir/article-1-1009-en.html</a> vasigh, B. , naseri, H. and Bakhteari, S. (2021) Recognizing the Pleasantness of the Image in Xowonchini at the Entrance of the Historical Houses of Dezful. Negarineh Islamic Art, 7(20), 57-67. doi: 10.22077/nia.2021.3472.1326 Vo, Melissa Le-Hoa. (2021), The meaning and structure of scenes. Vision Research 181: 10-20. Yu, D., Tam, D., & Franconeri, S. L. (2019) Gestalt similarity groupings are not constructed in parallel. Cognition, 182, 8-13. 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.006                     <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* </a>Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Jundishapur Dezful University of Technology, Dezful, Iran. vasiq@jsu.ac.ir                                                                           بررسی نماهای شهری اطلاعات ارزشمندی در فهم ابعاد زیباییشناسانه و کارکرد آن به دست میدهد. در این میان نماهای بافت تاریخی دزفول به علت استفاده از خوونها جایگاه ویژهای دارند. با تغییر در نحوه ساخت و سازمان شهری در دوران پهلوی، بافت میانه در کنار بافت تاریخی شکل گرفت. در بافت جدید، نماهای شهری تعریف و ریخت نوینی یافت که از منظر استفاده از مصالح وابسته به آجر بوده اما به علت نیاز به ساخت سریع، از ارزشهای زیباییشناسانه متفاوتی برخوردار بود. در این تحقیق تلاش میشود تا به مقایسه هندسی و گشتالتی خوون در نمای این دو دوره پرداخته شود. هدف از انجام این کار، دست یافتن به جامعیتی در کلیات و جزئیات نمای شهری دو دوره تاریخی یاد شده است. روش انجام این پژوهش، مقایسه تطبیقی مبتنی بر توصیف و تحلیل هندسی نمای خانههای دوره قاجار و پهلوی دزفول است اطلاعات برمبنای مشاهده و برداشت میدانی و نیز مطالعات اسنادی-کتابخانهای جمعآوری شده است. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که تناسب هندسی در نمای خانه در دو دوره رویکرد متفاوتی داشته است. تزئینات خوونچینی در هر دو دوره از اصول گشتالتی مشابه بهره میبرد؛ اما در دوره پهلوی عناصری بهعلت کاهش پیچیدگی هندسی کمتر دیده میشود. نسبتها در خانههای تاریخی در بازه اعداد 1.41 تا 1.73 قرار دارد و نسبت در مواردی نیز به مربع نزدیک شده است. با این حال تناسب هندسی در دوره میانه عمدتاً به مربع نزدیک است. نتیجه تحقیق نشان میدهد؛ نماهای دوره میانه علیرغم تفاوتهای مشخص با دوران گذشته، تداوم زیباییشناسی دوره تاریخی است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107Explaining the Factors Affecting the Physical Space of Settlements and Housing Architecture Based on the Sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balaghaتبیین عوامل موثر بر فضای کالبدی شهر و معماری مسکن مبتنی بر گفتار امام علی (علیه السلام) در نهج البلاغه6180faحامدحیاتیاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران 202534Explaining the Factors Affecting the Physical Space of Settlements and Housing Architecture Based on the Sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha   Hamed Hayati<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   This research examines the sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha as a source of inspiration for formulating architectural principles of settlements. Using a mixed-method approach—documentary analysis, qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning—fourteen fundamental principles have been extracted, including guest rights, neighbor rights, privacy preservation, respect for women and children, housing location, unity and harmony, construction rights, climatic considerations, balance, order, contentment, good neighborliness, and the utilization of natural elements. This research aims to clarify the concepts influencing the spatial configuration of settlements and residential architecture, as expressed in the noble words of Imam Ali (AS), and explores the possibility of applying these ideas in the contemporary era. The findings show that the emphasis on neighborly relations in Imam Ali's discourse is of utmost importance and should be considered in urban policymaking. Based on the analysis, the most significant focus and influence on the setting of residential spaces and architecture in Nahj al-Balagha is the importance placed on neighbors and neighborly relations—an aspect that planners and urban management authorities should take into account.   Keywords: Nahj al-Balagha, Imam Ali (AS), city, housing, neighborly relations.   Introduction Nahj al-Balagha, as a valuable Islamic heritage, presents principles for human life, including urban space and housing architecture. These teachings define conditions for appropriate housing that ensure the peace and comfort of residents, but they have been explored less in architectural studies. Housing, in Islamic teachings, is not merely a physical space but a setting for worship and human transcendence. This study aims to examine the architectural principles of housing based on Imam Ali’s (AS) sayings in Nahj al-Balagha. Using a mixed-method approach involving documentary analysis, qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning, the author seeks to extract the factors influencing the physical space of settlements. The study hypothesizes that Islamic urban planning principles, inspired by Imam Ali's teachings, are applicable in contemporary conditions. Among these principles, neighborly relations and the preservation of citizens' social rights receive the most emphasis, which should be considered in urban planning. A review of previous research shows extensive studies in Islamic urban planning, but this study fills a gap by focusing on Nahj al-Balagha. The term "housing" in Islamic texts is defined as a place of peace and security, with its spiritual and social aspects emphasized in the Quran and Nahj al-Balagha. This study aims to utilize Imam Ali's teachings to provide strategies for architectural and housing design that align with Islamic principles and modern social needs.   Methods This study adopts an interdisciplinary and faith-based approach, examining housing principles based on Islamic teachings and scholarly perspectives. Islamic housing extends beyond physical space, embodying a concept tied to human nature and the goal of spiritual elevation. The research methodology integrates documentary analysis, quantitative and qualitative content analysis, and logical reasoning. Initially, relevant statements regarding housing in Nahj al-Balagha were identified, and explicit and interpretive themes were extracted. Through logical analysis, these findings were categorized and strategies for Islamic housing architecture were developed. The study emphasizes that dwelling is not merely residing but a profound concept linked to culture, spirituality, and social structure, which must be considered in urban space design.   Findings By analyzing Nahj al-Balagha’s statements, this study presents principles for Islamic housing architecture and urban planning. The findings indicate that neighborly rights, appropriate housing location, privacy preservation, contentment, nature utilization, and balance in home design significantly impact social life. Imam Ali (AS) emphasizes neighbors' social and ethical rights while highlighting the spiritual and cultural significance of settlements. He advocates for an environment conducive to peace, piety, and social interaction. Additionally, architecture should avoid extravagance, ostentation, and social discord while considering the needs of women and children. These findings suggest that Islamic housing is not merely a physical setting but a platform for individual and social elevation. Ultimately, this study recommends that urban planning strategies based on Islamic teachings help preserve cultural identity, strengthen social cohesion, and create sustainable settlements aligned with contemporary human needs.   Conclusion By examining the noble sayings of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha, fourteen statements (letters, wisdoms, and sermons) related to urban space and housing architecture were identified, leading to the extraction of fourteen fundamental principles as influencing factors in urban space and housing architecture. The essential principles (strategies and effective approaches) affecting urban space and housing architecture include an emphasis on guest rights, attention to women's and children's rights, good neighborliness, avoidance of material excess, social harmony, and integration of architecture with nature. This study indicates that Islamic housing design should address both individual needs and social and religious values to establish a sustainable and Islamic-oriented environment. The results emphasize that concepts such as respecting neighborly rights, preserving privacy, achieving balance in residential spaces, utilizing natural elements, and selecting appropriate housing locations are of significant importance in Islamic environments. In analyzing the opportunities and challenges of implementing these strategies, it was found that while experts in Islamic architecture and related research centers provide valuable resources, the weakness of urban studies based on Islamic thought and the dominance of non-religious perspectives in urban planning pose challenges to the implementation of these principles.   References Okohvat, H. (2011) Recognition of the spiritual concepts of dwelling in traditional housing of the desert climate. 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Journal of Iranian-Islamic City Studies, First Year, No. 3, 47-55. <a href="https://www.sid.ir/paper/177337/fa">https://www.sid.ir/paper/177337/fa</a>. Shultz, C. N. (1974) Existence, space and architecture. Tehran Bookstore Publications, Tehran. Faramarz Garamaleki, A. (2006) Methodology of religious studies (A new edition). Islamic Sciences University of Razavi Publications, Mashhad. <a href="https://noorlib.ir/book/view/61654">https://noorlib.ir/book/view/61654</a>. The Holy Quran. (2008) Al-Hadi Institute, Center for Printing and Publishing the Holy Quran. Kalantari Khalilabad, H., Seyed Ahmadi, S., & Rostami, G. (2010). The historical role of endowment (Waqf) in the formation of the Islamic city (Case study of Isfahan city). Journal of Iranian-Islamic City Studies, No. 1, 33-43. <a href="https://www.sid.ir/paper/177346/fa">https://www.sid.ir/paper/177346/fa</a>. Kooper, K. (2000) Home as a symbol of self, book of philosophical and psychological foundations of space perception. Translation of Aramesh Arbab Jelfaie, Tehran: Nashre Khak. Gifford, R. (1998) Psychology of residential environments. Vahid Ghobadian, Architecture and Culture, No. 2 and 3. <a href="https://www.sid.ir/paper/449601/fa">https://www.sid.ir/paper/449601/fa</a>.       <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. hamedhayaty@yahoo.comبا اينكه اصول اسلام، حقايقي است ثابت و تغييرناپذير كه براي همه زمان&zwnj;ها وضع شده، ولي فروع زياد بوده و اجتهاد ضرورت دارد. از آنجا که معماران باید از اصول ثابت و کلی نظری، اصول اعتباری و نسبی و عملی را که وابسته به شرایط زمان و مکان است استنباط نمایند، اصل مهمی تحت&zwnj;عنوان «اصل اجتهاد هنری» برای مضبوط کردن این استنباط مطرح میشود که میتواند متضمن خلق آثاری بدیع و در عین حال اصیل در حوزه معماری باشد. این پژوهش با هدف تبیین مفاهیم مؤثر بر فضای کالبدی سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن در سخنان گوهربار امام علی&zwnj;(ع) و امکان کاربست آن در دوره معاصر تدوین شده است. برای تبیین سخنان امام علی(ع) به کتاب نهج&zwnj;البلاغه استناد گردیده است. با بررسی تمامی متن نامهها، حکمتها و خطبهها 14 مورد (موضوع) مؤثر بر فضای کالبدی سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن تشخیص داده شد. پرداختن به اين مسئله با استفاده از روش تركيبي انجام شده است؛ به ايـن ترتيـب كـه پس از گردآوري دادهها با روش اسنادي-كتابخانهاي، تحليل آنها با روش تحليل محتواي كيفي انجام شده است و سپس يافتههاي پژوهش با استفاده از روش استدلالي منطقي استخراج شده است. طبق این یافتهها اصولی چون رعایت حق مهمان، تأکید به حق همسایگی، توصیه به حق زن، توجه به حق فرزندان، رعایت حریم، توصیه به حسن همجواری، توجه به قناعت، مکانیابی مسکن، تأکید به وحدت و هماهنگی، توجه به حقوق ساخت&zwnj;و&zwnj;ساز، رعایت مسایل اقلیمی، تأکید به تعادل، توصیه به نظم و بهرهگیری از عناصر طبیعت به&zwnj;عنوان عواملی مؤثر بر کالبد فضای سکونتگاه و معماری مسکن در کلام امام علی&zwnj;(ع) است. با بررسیهای به&zwnj;عمل آمده بالاترین میزان توجه و مؤثر بر فضای سکونتگاه و حوزه معماری مسکن در کلام امام علی&zwnj;(ع) در نهج&zwnj;البلاغه مربوط به اهمیت و سفارش به همسایه و روابط همسایگی است که باید مورد توجه برنامهریزان و متولیان امور شهری قرار گیرد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107Investigating the Mechanism of Monetary Policy Impact on the Urban Housing Sector of Islamic Countries )Case Study of Iran(بررسی سازو کار اثر گذاری سیاست پولی بر بخش مسکن شهری کشور های اسلامی (مطالعه موردی ایران)81107fa یوسف لطفیدانشجوی دکتری رشته علوم اقتصادی، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران عباسشاکریاستاد گروه اقتصاد نظری، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران ۰۰۰۰-۰۰۰۱-۸۰۰۸-۹۹۲X تیمور محمدیاستاد گروه اقتصاد نظری، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران۰۰۰۰-۰۰۰3-4394-774Xفرهادغفاریدانشیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده مدیریت و اقتصاد، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ۰۰۰۰-۰۰۰2-9945-57202025418<a name="_Toc343284432"></a>Investigating the Mechanism of Monetary Policy Impact on the Urban Housing Sector of Islamic Countries )Case Study of Iran(   Yosef Lotfi <a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Abbas Shakeri<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">** </a> Teymor Mohammadi<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">*** </a> Farhad Ghafari<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>   The main objective of this study is to analyze the effects of monetary policy on the urban housing sector of Islamic countries (case study of Iran) in terms of changes in ownership and rental rates through autoregressive models, shock response functions, and variance analysis during the years 1376 to 1401. A country's economic policies include various policies such as monetary policy so that the society can achieve goals such as growth, development, and social welfare. The impact of monetary policies on housing, as one of the primary needs and requirements of household welfare, in addition to production and employment, is important. In this article, the model used includes the monetary base variable, liquidity, and housing variables. To identify and time the monetary transfer mechanisms, autocorrelation models (VAR) were used due to their widespread use and their ability to display the dynamics of variables using shock and response functions, the response of model variables, and the dynamics of economic changes and fluctuations. The results of the instantaneous response functions show that the response of the variable number of homeowners to the monetary base and liquidity shock has a wave-like effect. The relevant variable has a constant trend in the short run but a decreasing trend in the long run. The response of the variable housing supply cost to the monetary base and liquidity shock is an increasing trend but a decreasing trend in the long run. Also, the results of the variance analysis show that the monetary base and liquidity have a high contribution to the change in the variance of the relevant variables and the contribution of the monetary base to explain the change in the variance of the owners and tenants variable is increasing over the ten-year period, but the contribution of the monetary base and liquidity in the change in the variance of the housing supply cost is decreasing over the period under study.   Keywords: Housing market, urban housing, shock response functions, monetary policies, liquidity   Introduction Among the legal and regulatory measures of the government, one can mention economic policy. A country's economic policies include various policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy, income policy, trade policy, stabilization policy, and exchange rate policy. Each of these policies pursues its own specific goals so that society can achieve its macro-economic goals, namely growth, development, and social welfare. A look at global experiences shows that government policies play a decisive role in the housing market, and monetary policies are of great importance in achieving the intended goals, considering the most important tools. One of the most important channels of monetary policy's impact, as a durable asset, is the asset price channel and the housing price channel. The housing market is one of the economic markets in every country. In addition to being considered a valuable and consumable asset for individuals in society, housing plays an important role in the economies of countries. since every good and service in the economy is examined from two dimensions of investment and consumption, in most countries housing also has two dimensions of consumption and investment, and most people consider housing as a place of residence and a tool for long-term savings. Decision-making about housing depends on the amount of current and future income of each individual, and a kind of inter-period substitution occurs in the way people consume, and as mentioned, the share of housing constitutes a significant share in the household basket, which will cause a change in the household basket. Among the basic economic and social challenges is the continuous increase in rent and its disproportion to household income, which puts great pressure on tenants. In addition to financial problems, this situation also has psychological and social consequences, so that the statistics and analyses presented indicate the undesirable situation and deepening of the housing crisis in Iran, especially in the urban sector. The study conducted in this research also shows the impact of monetary policies on the housing sector in terms of ownership and rental. The study of the effect of monetary policy on the urban housing sector of Islamic countries examined the change in the pattern of housing use (purchase of housing - rental) in Iran during the years 1376 to 1401.   Theoretical Basis Economists have mentioned several channels through which changes in monetary policy can affect real variables in the economy. In general, monetary transmission channels are classified into three main groups as follows: 1- The traditional interest rate channel 2- The price channel of other assets 3- The credit channel The transmission of monetary policy effects through the interest rate mechanism is perhaps the most famous transmission channel, but subsequent research has shown that consumer decisions regarding housing and other durable goods expenditures are also investment decisions, which include both investment and expenditure on durable consumer goods, and the interest rate channel affects consumer spending in addition to investment. An increase in housing prices causes its price to rise relative to the replacement cost, thus stimulating housing production. Housing prices are one of the most important components of wealth, so an increase in housing prices increases wealth and through that, consumption can increase, so an expansionary monetary policy that increases housing prices can increase aggregate demand. By increasing and decreasing the volume of money in the economy, the money supply changes and leads to a change in the interest rate. In other words, when a monetary shock occurs, by changing interest rates, it affects the opportunity cost of holding durable goods, including housing, and thereby affects a part of the demand that arises from the demand for services resulting from this characteristic of housing. This demand can be examined from two aspects: - Demand for residential services as a durable good - Demand for housing as an asset Therefore, by applying a contractionary monetary policy, the interest rate increases and by increasing the opportunity cost of holding housing, the demand for housing decreases. Higher interest rates increase the cost of building new homes and reduce residential investment and housing construction activities. Therefore, interest rates have important effects on housing construction and ultimately housing supply, and a decrease in housing supply will lead to an increase in housing prices. As interest rates increase, the demand for housing decreases, which causes housing prices to decrease, and on the other hand, as interest rates increase, the supply of housing decreases, which causes housing prices to increase. Therefore, the final effect of changes in interest rates on housing prices is ambiguous. Regarding the wealth effect, consumption is a function of income and wealth, and savings are a direct function of income and an inverse function of wealth. Since housing is an important component of wealth, when housing prices increase, household wealth increases, providing the situation for more consumption and an increase in aggregate demand, and aggregate output increases. Changes in building prices cause changes in rental income in the rental housing market. An increase in rental income for landlords neutralizes the negative effect of a decrease in income from tenants. The size of this channel will depend on the structure of rental housing, the performance of the rental housing market, and the various responses of individuals (institutions, landlords, and owners). An increase in house prices is likely to have a positive saving effect on household planning. The strength of this effect also depends on the saving ratio.   Research Method Macrometric models are models that researchers have used to examine and measure the effects of variables on economic activities. The goal of economists in designing and using macroeconometric models has been to further compare the impact of monetary and fiscal policies on real macroeconomic variables. In this study, an autoregressive model was used to examine the impact of monetary policies on the housing sector. Based on an autocorrelation model that includes urban homeowners and owners nationwide and tenants nationwide and urban tenants and monetary variables. The impact of monetary policy is measured through response functions. Autoregressive models (VAR) are a set of regression models that can be considered as a kind of link between univariate time series models and simultaneous equation models. In general, it can be said that the VAR model is a statistical model and therefore it is based on statistical theories and its assumptions, so the purpose of defining the equation is only to express the distribution, reaction, and dispersion of variables relative to each other, not to estimate and estimate parameters. A notable point in this study is that the causality test will not be used because Granger causality examines the causality relationship based on the relationship between the current values of one variable and the past values of another variable.   Conclusion Given that housing annually absorbs a large volume of the country's liquidity and this sector is high in the country's GDP. For this reason, identifying the factors that cause shocks in the housing sector should be of concern to economic policymakers. Given that the optimal use of monetary and fiscal policies can lead to solving the housing problem, this article attempts to examine the effect of monetary policies on the status of urban housing in Islamic countries (case study of Iran) using an autoregressive model and instantaneous response functions. Variables related to monetary policies and the housing sector were considered seasonally and in the period 1376-1401. The results showed that the response of the variable number of urban owners and the entire country to the monetary base and liquidity shock has a wave-like response and does not show any noticeable changes in the short term compared to monetary policy, but the instantaneous response of the number of urban tenants and the entire country has an increasing trend in the short and long term. The response of urban and total housing supply costs to a monetary base shock in the short and medium term has an increasing trend. The results of variance analysis show that over a ten-year period, the monetary base has a high share in the change in the variance of the number of urban owners and tenants and the entire country. The share of liquidity over a ten-year period has a high share in the change in the variance of the number of urban tenants and the entire country. Due to the increase in inflation, consumer purchasing power will decrease. On the other hand, since housing has a high share in the household budget, housing purchases will decrease and households will move towards renting. In the end, it should be focused on adopting monetary policies with greater precision. Given that the purpose of implementing monetary policies is to improve macroeconomic variables in line with economic policies, the effects of policies should not necessarily be of interest to policymakers in the area of total economic production and the trend of price changes in the economy, and other sectors (including the housing sector in general and in the urban area) are also affected by the implementation of these policies.   References Agha, Asif Idrees, Noor Ahmed, Yasir Ali Mubarik, and Hastam Shah. "Transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Pakistan." SBP-Research Bulletin 1, no. 1 (2005): 1-23. Battistini, N., Falagiarda, M., Hackmann, A., & Roma, M. (2024) "Navigating the housing channel of monetary policy across euro area regions". European Economic Review, 104897.&rlm; Science, Vol. 1, no.20, pp1-12. Panahi, Hossein and Behboudi, Davood and Asgharpour, Hossein and Keshtkaran, Najmeh (2018) Studying the effects of monetary policy shocks on the housing sector in the framework of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Urban Economics, 3 (2), 1-18  Tamalki, Hossein and Ahmadvand, Meysam. (2014) Prioritizing Islamic housing financing techniques in the country's banking system using the VICOR method. Journal of Islamic Finance Research. Fall and Winter 2014 - Issue 4 (21 pages - from 57 to 77) Shahnazi, Ruhollah and Rostamzadeh, Parviz and Pourmola, Seyed Mohammad Hashem and Balya, Maryam. (2019) Housing financing for low-income groups through endowment-based cooperatives. Journal: Economic Research. Spring and Summer 2019 - Issue 31 Rank: B (71 to 89). Shirzadi Javid, Ali Akbar (2022) Global approaches to policy-making in the field of housing provision with emphasis on low-income groups, Majles Research Center, Office of Infrastructure Studies, Serial No. 18637 Moshiri Saeed and Washeghani Mohsen. (2010) Investigation of the monetary transmission mechanism and its timing in the Iranian economy. Quarterly Journal of Economic Modeling. No. 1. (11) 32-1. Mahdilou, Ali and Asgharpour. Hossein and Fallah, Firouz (2019) Nonlinear transmission mechanism of monetary policy through the housing price channel in Iran: MSVAR approach. Quarterly Journal of Economic Research and Policies No. 90. Year 27 (455-499) Miles, W., & Zhu, X. (2023) Housing and the changing impact of monetary policy. International Review of Economics & Finance, 86, 587-603   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Ph.D Student in the field of economic sciences, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. yousef.lotfi@iau.ir <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** Corresponding Author</a>: Professor of the Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran. Shakeri.abbas@gmail.com <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*** Professor, Department of Theoretical Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.</a> mohammadi@atu.ac.ir <a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">**** Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</a> farhad.ghaffari@yahoo.comهدف اصلی این مطالعه تحلیل اثرات سیاست پولی بر بخش مسکن شهری کشور های اسلامی ( مطالعه موردی ایران) در جهت تغییرات میزان مالکیت، اجاره نشینی از طریق الگوی خودرگرسیون برداری، توابع واکنش ضربه&zwnj;ای و تجزیه واریانس طی سال های 1376 الی 1401 بوده است. مدل شامل 6  متغیر پایه پولی، نقدینگی، مالکین و مستأجرین می&zwnj;باشد. نتایج توابع واکنش آنی نشان می&zwnj;دهد که واکنش متغیر تعداد مالکین مسکن، در برابر تکانه پایه پولی و نقدینگی، تأثیر موج مانندی دارد. متغیر مربوطه در کوتاه مدت روند ثابتی دارد ولی در بلندمدت روند کاهشی دارد. واکنش آنی تعداد مالکین و مستاجرین در برابر تکانه نقدینگی قابل تفسیر نیست. واکنش متغیر هزینه تأمین مسکن به شوک پایه پولی  و نقدینگی روندی افزایشی است ولی در بلندمدت کاهشی است. همچنین نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان می&zwnj;دهد، پایه پولی و نقدینگی سهم بالایی در تغییر واریانس متغیرهای مربوطه دارد و سهم پایه پولی برای توضیخ تغییر واریانس متغیر مالکین و مستاجرین طی دوره ده ساله افزایشی است ولی سهم پایه پول و  نقدینگی در تغییر واریانس هزینه تامین مسکن طی دوره مورد بررسی کاهشی است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15582025107Explaining the Factors Affecting the Social Livability of Dilapidated Urban Areas in Islamic Iranian Cities (Case Study: District 12, Tehran)تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر زیست‌پذیری اجتماعی بافت¬های فرسوده در شهرهای ایرانی- اسلامی (مورد پژوهی: منطقه 12 تهران)109125fa سینا غیورانهدانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، واحد آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مازندران، ایرانحسینکلانتری خلیل آباداستاد گروه شهرسازی، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی، جهاددانشگاهی، تهران، ایرانصباجهانگیراستادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد آیت الله آملی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مازندران، ایران000000034865871x20241124Explaining the Factors Affecting the Social Livability of Dilapidated Urban Areas in Islamic Iranian Cities (Case Study: District 12, Tehran)   Sina Ghayuraneh<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a> Hossein Kalantari Khalilabad <a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a> Saba Jahangir<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Today, cities have become the main place of working and living for most of the people, so that more than 50% of the world's 7 billion people live in cities. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of life, conditions, facilities, and needs of city residents is a vital issue. Given the numerous problems of cities, various approaches have been proposed and put forward to promote and improve living conditions, of which urban livability is one of them. Today, livability has spread in most developed countries as a guiding principle within the framework of the sustainability discourse in urban policymaking and planning. The present study was developed with the aim of explaining the factors affecting the social livability of dilapidated urban areas in Islamic Iranian cities. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of residents of District 12 of Tehran, and the sample size was estimated to be 373 people using the Cochran formula. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and SMART PLS software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that participation, social security, solidarity, and social interactions, and spatial belonging have a positive and significant effect on social livability. Among the variables studied, the spatial belonging variable with a path coefficient of 0.258 had the greatest effect on social livability.   Keywords: livability, social livability, spatial belonging, dilapidated texture, District 12 of Tehran.   Introduction According to the World Cities Report published by the United Nations in 2020, urbanization will continue to be a driver of global growth and a basis for poverty, unemployment, inequality, climate change and other global challenges we face (Xiao et al., 2022: 145) Unplanned and improper management and the emergence of socio-economic and environmental problems in today's cities have led to a decrease in living standards and, consequently, a decrease in the sustainability and livability of cities, which has placed attention to livability indicators as the key to solving many urban issues and problems at the forefront of planning (Karbasi and Kargar,1402: 19) In general, today, the lack of attention to human and social needs in urban planning and management creates significant obstacles to improving the quality of life and satisfaction of residents (Hekmat-Niya et al., 1400: 32). In this regard, the concept of livability as a new approach to improving the quality of life has been on the agenda of urban planners and managers. This concept has played an important role in urban planning and development, however, this concept is fluid and has been used in various situations (Kashef, 2023: 242). District 12 of Tehran is no exception to this rule, as this area has begun its downward trend since the mid-20th century. The decrease in population in the neighborhoods of the city's initial cores and the movement of the population towards the outer layers are among the most important challenges it has faced. As the population of this region has decreased from 343,633 people in 1979 to 241,831 people in 2016, which shows a negative growth rate of -14.1 percent (Statistical Center of Iran, 2016). The problems mentioned on the one hand and the tendency to develop and invest in the suburbs and outer layers of the city for various reasons, including cheap land and housing prices, ecological attractions such as clean and healthy air, etc., on the other hand, have caused a decline in the quality of life, a decrease in vitality, a decrease in livability and a decrease in the prosperity of social life, and physical and functional deterioration in this region (Zare et al., 1400: 800). The aforementioned conditions are the product of macro factors, forces and processes outside the boundaries of Region 12 and its neighborhoods and even outside Tehran, such as general urban management policies, the national role of commercial areas and axes (Salehi et al., 1401: 86). Considering the above issues, the initial research question is “What factors affect social livability in the worn-out fabric of District 12 of Tehran?”   Research Method This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. Documentary and field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens living in District 12 of Tehran, whose number is 241,831 people. The sample size was estimated to be 373 people using the Cochran formula. The sampling method was simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured by calculating Cronbach's alpha and calculating the composite reliability coefficient (cr). The value of Cronbach's alpha and the composite reliability coefficient for each variable are between zero and one, and if the value obtained is higher than 0.7, the questionnaire has appropriate reliability. The results of the value of Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability of the questionnaire confirm the appropriate reliability of the questionnaire used. In this study, structural equation modeling in the PLS software environment was used to analyze the data.   Research findings Regarding the effect of participation on social livability, the results indicate that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 2.134, so that this value is greater than 1.96. Also, the path coefficient obtained is equal to (β=0.158), since the path coefficient obtained is positive, this effect is direct. Regarding the effect of social security on social livability, the results indicate that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 2.607, so that this value is greater than 1.96. Also, the path coefficient obtained is equal to (β=0.207), since the path coefficient obtained is positive, this effect is direct. So it can be said that social security has a positive and significant effect on social livability. Regarding the effect of solidarity and social interactions on social livability, the results indicate that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 2.604, so that this value is greater than 1.96. Also, the path coefficient obtained is equal to (β=0.216), since the path coefficient obtained is positive, this effect is direct. So it can be said that solidarity and social interactions have a positive and significant effect on social livability. Regarding the effect of place attachment on social livability, the results indicate that the value of the T-statistic obtained is equal to 4.602, so that this value is greater than 1.96. Also, the path coefficient obtained is equal to (β=0.258), since the path coefficient obtained is positive, this effect is direct. So it can be stated that place attachment has a positive and significant effect on social livability.   Conclusion The findings of this study showed that in relation to the impact of participation on social livability, the results confirmed that the path coefficient obtained was equal to (β=0.158), considering the path coefficient obtained, the impact coefficient is evaluated as moderate. In explaining the results of this section, it can be stated that the issue of people's and citizens' participation in the economic and social development of cities has been considered in urban development studies and planning for several decades. Regarding the effect of social security on social livability, the results indicated that the effect of social security on the promotion of social livability was confirmed. The path coefficient obtained was 0.207, and according to the path coefficient obtained, this effect is assessed as moderate. In explaining the results of this section, it can be stated that if worn-out structures gradually deteriorate on a large scale, they will become unsafe and crime-prone areas. If these areas are not addressed properly, due to poor design and even undesirable lighting, it will create problems for residents that may ultimately lead to leaving the structure. Therefore, in order to increase livability in terms of security, it is possible to widen the passages and construct appropriate lighting for them. Regarding the effect of solidarity and social interactions on social livability, the results indicate that solidarity and social interactions have a positive and significant effect on social livability, considering the value of the path coefficient, which is equal to 0.216, this effect is assessed as moderate. Regarding the effect of place belonging on social livability, the results indicate confirmation of the hypothesis, and considering the value of the path coefficient obtained, this effect is assessed as moderate. A sense of belonging to a place is a higher level of a sense of place that leads to high-quality environments and humans consider themselves part of it and respect it. Place belonging means that people define themselves with the help of the place where they were born and grew up. This connection affects people in a deep and lasting way, and the memory of place strengthens human identity and power.   Reference Kashef, M. (2023) Urban livability across disciplinary and professional boundaries. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(2), 239–253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.03.003">https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.03.003</a> Zhu, Y., & Du, R. 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Cities, 79, 92-101. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.025">https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.025</a>   <a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* </a>Corresponding Author: Ph.D Student, Urban Planning Department, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran. S.gh1375@yahoo.com <a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Professor of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and Management, Insitute for Humanities and Social Studies in ACECR, Tehran, Iran. H_kalantari2005@yahoo.com <a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Assistant Professor, Urban Planning Department, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran. saba.jahangir@yahoo.comامروزه، شهرها مکان اصلی کار و زندگی بخش عمدۀ بشر شده&zwnj;اند، به&zwnj;طوری که بیش از 50% از جمعیت 7 میلیارد نفری جهان در شهرها زندگی می&zwnj;کنند. از این رو، توجه به کیفیت زندگی، شرایط، امکانات و نیازهای ساکنان شهرها، مسئله&zwnj;ای حیاتی است. نظر به مشکلات متعدد شهرها، رویکردهای مختلفی برای ارتقاء و بهبود شرایط زندگی در آنها پیشنهاد و مطرح شده است که زیست&zwnj;پذیری شهری یکی از آنها است. امروزه زیست&zwnj;پذیری در بیشتر کشورهای توسعه&zwnj;یافته به&zwnj;عنوان یک اصل راهنما در چارچوب گفت&zwnj;مان پایداری در سیاست&zwnj;گذاری&zwnj;ها و برنامه&zwnj;ریزی شهری گسترش پیدا کرده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر زیست&zwnj;پذیری اجتماعی بافت&zwnj;های فرسوده در شهرهای ایرانی- اسلامی تدوین شد. مطالعه حاضر ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر روش توصيفی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را ساکنان منطقه 12 شهر تهران تشکیل میداد، حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 373 نفر برآورد گردید. روایی ابزار تحقیق با استفاده از مدل تحلیل عاملی تأییدی و پایایی آن با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه شده است. تجزیه &zwnj;وتحلیل داده&zwnj;ها با استفاده از نرم&zwnj;افزارهای SPSSو SMART PLS با روش آمار توصیفی و مدل&zwnj;سازی معادلات ساختاری انجام شد. یافتهها نشان داد که مشارکت، امنیت اجتماعی، همبستگی و تعاملات اجتماعی و تعلق مکانی بر زیست&zwnj;پذیری اجتماعی تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. از بین متغیرهایی مورد بررسی متغیر تعلق مکانی با ضریب مسیر 258/0 دارای بیشترین تأثیر بر زیست&zwnj;پذیری اجتماعی بود.

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