مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318Explaining the Relationship between Iranian-Islamic City and Citizens' Stress (Case Study: HekmatNeighborhoodof Tehran)تبیین رابطه شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی و استرس شهروندان (نمونه مورد مطالعه: محله حکمت شهر تهران) 120faخاطرهمغانی رحیمیدانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران0000-0002-1791-797Xحمیدرضاصارمیدانشیار، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران0000000236257268سیدعلیصفویاستادیار، گروه شهرسازی و طراحی شهری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران2024420Today's cities do not have the ability to respond to the psychological needs of citizens causing stress and mental illness. Exposure to environmental stress is the most important factor in increasing mental disorders in cities (Streit et al., 2014: 352). In fact, the stress of modern urban life can be a reason for the growth of mental disorders (Kennedy & Adolphs, 2011: 452) in the cities of Muslim countries, including Iran. Stress caused by the urban environment, in addition to being an important factor in causing physical diseases (such as types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases) and mental diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, isolation of people, etc.), the number of moral abnormalities in it also increases and this environment reduces the security of citizens. In addition to this stress due to the imposition of high medical costs on citizens, it also causes the loss of human capital in the city. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider stress as an important principle in their plans and to avoid actions that fuel this mental confusion.In fact, due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, and its many challenges and issues, particularly the reduction of mental health and the increase of citizens' stress, a comprehensive approach is needed to reduce environmental stress and to promote urban mental health. It also seems that the Islamic city can be an effective approach in this field due to its adaptation to the native culture of Muslim cities. However, considering that many studies in the field of social sciences have pointed to the impact of Islamic teachings on mental health and stress, so far, no study has been conducted on the link between the Islamic city and urban mental health or urban stress. In fact, the relationship between urban stress as the most important factor in reducing urban mental health and Islamic urbanism has not been investigated so far. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of clarifying the relationship between the environmental stress reported by citizens and the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city in Hikmat neighborhood in Tehran. According to the research conducted by MoghaniRahimi and his colleagues, this area is one of the most stressful areas of Tehran (MoghaniRahimi et al., 2024: 4). For this purpose, in this research, Hekmat neighborhood, which is one of the neighborhoods of this district, has been selected as the study sample.   Keywords:Hekmat Neighborhood of Tehran, Islamic City, Urban Stress.   Methods This research is a descriptive-analytical research with a comparative approach, where the required data has been collected using quantitative and qualitative methods such as questionnaires, observation, library studies and then analyzed using regression analysis. In order to measure the conformity of urban blocks with the Iranian-Islamic city, 27 indicators presented in Table 1 have been examined through the introduced criteria. Also, the amount of urban stress was obtained by using a question related to how stressful the residents consider their living environment. According to the study sample population and Cochran's formula (confidence level 95%, error 0.05%, and normal variable 1.96), the minimum number of questionnaires was 379 people, then the sample in the study was distributed using a proportional stratified sampling method. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was checked with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the value was calculated as 0.73.   Results After identifying the indicators, according to the purpose of the research, the data related to the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city are considered as independent variables and their relationship with the level of stress reported by the citizens (using the question of the questionnaire: In your opinion, how stressful is your living environment (home, street, neighborhood) Enter a number from one to one hundred.) was investigated through regression analysis. Based on the studies of Moghani and his colleagues, this question has a lot of correlation with urban stress and explains the stress of citizens (MoghaniRahimi et al., 2024: 4). In fact, in this section, the data related to the stressfulness of people's living environment as a dependent variable and the data related to the Iranian-Islamic city as an independent variable have been analyzed in SPSS software. As shown in Table 2, the value of the correlation coefficient between variables is 0.645, which indicates a high correlation between Iranian-Islamic urban planning and urban stress reported by citizens. Also, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 58% of the total changes in the stressfulness of people's living environment depend on the conformity of the block of residence with the indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning in their living area. In other words, Islamic Iranian urban development indicators predict 58% of the variance of the dependent variable. With a confidence level of 95%, it can be concluded that the influence of indicators of social interactions, connection with nature, access to services, mixing of uses, safety, justice, legibility, access to collective spaces, social support, social cohesion, social integration, social capital, spatial diversity, public health and social diversity are not significant on the stress level of citizens. This index does not affect the dependent variable because its error value or significance level is greater than 0.05. Of course, this issue needs more investigation and it is necessary to investigate it in other study samples and mostly different questionnaires. Also, using the beta coefficients of the sky and pedestrian connection indicators with a coefficient of (0.275), indicators of housing quality, security and comfort and tranquility with an importance coefficient of (0.182), human scale with a coefficient of (0.152), identity with a coefficient of (0.139), vitality with a coefficient of (0.133), participation with a coefficient of (0.127), respectively, the most important indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning are effective on the reported stress of citizens. All these indicators have a negative effect on the stress level of citizens, and by improving them, the environmental stress in citizens can be significantly reduced. As shown in Table 4, the identification of the indicators of connection with the sky and pedestrian orbit as the most important effective indicators demonstrates that the most important stressful indicator related to the Iranian-Islamic city in the neighborhood of Hikmat is feeling and lack of observation and connection with the sky and lack of orbit in this area. In the cities of the past, due to the low height of the buildings, the urban man established a very good connection with the sky and the cities were in a deep connection with the sky. But today, high-rise buildings in cities, especially in the 1st district of Tehran municipality, and the study sample of this research, which has faced a rapid trend in recent years, has severely affected the mental health of citizens in this area. Also, neighborhoods in the past cities were very walkable, and citizens benefited from many advantages of walking, especially in the field of health.   Conclusion Due to the rapid growth of urbanization in the world, especially in the Middle East and Iran, and its many challenges and issues, notably the decrease in mental health and the increase in stress of citizens, many ideas and approaches have been proposed to deal with these challenges. Considering the adaptation of Islamic urban planning to the native culture of Muslim cities, including Iran, it seems that this approach can be effective in dealing with the challenge of urban stress in these cities. However, considering that many studies in the field of social sciences have pointed to the impact of Islamic teachings on mental health and stress, so far no study has been conducted on the link between the Islamic city and urban mental health or urban stress. In fact, the relationship between urban stress as the most important factor in reducing urban mental health and Islamic urbanism has not been investigated until now. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of clarifying the relationship between the environmental stress reported by citizens and the indicators of the Iranian-Islamic city in Hikmat neighborhood in Tehran. The findings of this research show that there is a high correlation between Iranian-Islamic urban planning and urban stress reported by citizens. Also, by using the beta coefficients of the indicators of connection with the sky and pedestrian orbit, indicators of housing quality, security and comfort and peace, human scale, identity, vitality, and participation, respectively, the most important indicators of Iranian-Islamic urban planning are effective on the reported stress of citizens. All these indicators have a negative effect on the stress of citizens, and by improving them, the environmental stress in citizens can be significantly reduced.   References Kennedy, Daniel P.; Adolphs, Ralph (2011) "Social neuroscience: Stress and the city". Nature, 474(7352), 452–453. doi:10.1038/474452a MoghaniRahimi, K., Behzadfar, M., &Jalilisadrabad, S. (2024) "Identifying urban stressors: A case study in Zone 8, Municipal District 1, Tehran, Iran". Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 150(4). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4914">https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4914</a> Streit, Fabian; Haddad, Leila; Paul, Torsten; Frank, Josef; Schäfer, Axel; Nikitopoulos, Jörg; Akdeniz, Ceren; Lederbogen, Florian; Treutlein, Jens; Witt, Stephanie; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas; Rietschel, Marcella; Kirsch,Peter; Wüst, Stefan (2014) "A functional variant in the neuropeptide S receptor 1 gene moderates the influence of urban upbringing on stress processing in the amygdala". Stress, 17(4), 352–361. doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.921903    به دلیل رشد شتابان شهرنشینی در خاورمیانه و چالش&zwnj;های بسیار آن، به&zwnj;ویژه کاهش سلامت روان و افزایش استرس شهروندان، انگاره&zwnj;ها و رویکردهای بسیاری برای مقابله با این چالش&zwnj;ها مطرح شده است. با توجه به انطباق شهرسازی اسلامی با فرهنگ بومی شهرهای مسلمانان از جمله ایران به نظر می&zwnj;رسد، این رویکرد می&lrm;تواند برای مقابله با چالش استرس شهری در این شهرها مؤثر باشد. اما تاکنون مطالعه&zwnj;ای در راستای پیوند شهر اسلامی و استرس شهری مشاهده نشده است. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف تبیین رابطه استرس محیطی گزارش شده شهروندان و شاخص&lrm;های شهر ایرانی- اسلامی در محله حکمت شهر تهران انجام شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و داده&zwnj;های موردنیاز با استفاده از روش&zwnj;های کمی و کیفی مانند پرسشنامه، مشاهده و مطالعات کتابخانه&zwnj;ای جمع&zwnj;آوری و سپس با استفاده از تحلیل رگرسیونی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد، همبستگی بالایی بین شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی و استرس شهری گزارش شده شهروندان وجود دارد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می&zwnj;دهد، شاخص&zwnj;های ارتباط با آسمان، پیاده&zwnj;مداری، شاخص&zwnj;های کیفیت مسکن، امنیت، آسایش و آرامش، مقیاس انسانی، هویت، سرزندگی و مشارکت به&zwnj;ترتیب مهم&zwnj;ترین شاخص&zwnj;های شهرسازی ایرانی- اسلامی مؤثر بر استرس شهروندان هستند. درواقع ارتقاء شاخص&zwnj;های شهر ایرانی- اسلامی در محلات شهرهای ایران استرس شهروندان را تا حد چشمگیری کاهش خواهد داد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318The Architectural Tradition of HistoricalHouses in Gorgan from the QajarPeriod to the First Pahlavi Dynasty of Gorganترادیسی معماری خانه‏‌های تاریخی شهر گرگان از دوره قاجاریه به پهلوی اول2145faمجیدصالحی نیادانشیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران حسن رجبعلیکارشناسی ارشد مطالعات تاریخ معماری ایران، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران2024111The fundamental changes between the two historical periods of Qajar and the first Pahlavi dynasty have led to a variety of house architecture. This research has studied and evaluated the tradition or evolutionary process of Gorgan house architecture in these two periods based on library studies and historical documents along with supplementary field observations based on the scientific method of Ames Rapaport typology. Three types of house architecture can be identified in terms of physical-spatial aspects. The first type, "Qajar houses", includes houses with a central courtyard pattern. The second type, "houses of the transitional period from Qajar to the first Pahlavi dynasty". These houses have linear geometry. The third type, "the first Pahlavi houses", are completely extroverted. Architectural elements and features such as: proportions of open, closed and semi-open spaces and other physical elements were examined and the necessary results were obtained to classify and recognize the architectural developments of Gorgan houses.   Keywords: Tradition (process of evolution), Gorgan historical house, Qajar dynasty, Pahlavi dynasty, Transitional period   Introduction Gorgan, due to its special climate, has an urban texture and architecture of houses that are separate from other regions of Iran. The transformation that occurred from the Qajar period to the first Pahlavi period, initially, the historical texture passages of the city and then, historical buildings and native houses have been exposed to destruction. These transformations make it necessary to identify the architecture of historical houses in Gorgan city as part of its historical identity. The dimensions of the houses, spatial structure, the location of the house within the courtyard, the distinctions in the entrances and porches, the location and number of rooms, the approach to urban passage, windows and stairs, are the main factors affecting the definition of different types of house architecture in this research. In this research, the concept of type and typological methods for classifying architecture, both in components and elements and in the totality of the phenomenon that is affected by the classification of elements and components, are examined. In order to regularize the typology in a way that it can be used for planning, Ames Rapaport has proposed principles. These principles have been used in this research and a set of characteristics in the typology of building elements and components has been used to finally identify the basic types. From a total of 38 houses reviewed in the historical context of Gorgan, 18 houses were selected, including: 7 houses related to the early and middle Qajar period, 5 houses related to the transition period from the end of the Qajar to the beginning of the first Pahlavi dynasty, and 6 houses related to the middle and late Pahlavi dynasty.   Research Method The research method is descriptive-analytical and logical reasoning with a deductive strategy and from part to whole. In the research process, the Ames Rapaport multi-attribute typological method has been used to analyze the study samples in the two periods of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi. In order to typify and recognize this tradition (development process), at the beginning, various physical-spatial characteristics are examined and, considering the similarities, a set of several characteristics in the historical houses under study is introduced. In library studies, contemporary sources on the architecture of the region and texts written by tourists about the historical texture of Gorgan have been used and basic theories have been identified. In field research, the existing documents on the architecture of historical houses of Gorgan have been collected, reviewed, and completed in the three periods of the Qajar, the first Pahlavi, and the transitional period.   Results  The study shows that three types of house architecture can be identified in terms of physical and spatial aspects in the historical context of Gorgan. The first type, related to "Qajar houses", includes houses with a central courtyard pattern, which are divided into two categories: houses with extended families with several central courtyards and houses with independent families with one courtyard. The second type is "houses of the transition period from Qajar to Pahlavi I". These houses have linear geometry and are classified into two categories: semi-introverted (end of Qajar) and semi-extroverted (beginning of Pahlavi I). The third type is "Pahlavi I houses". These houses are divided into two categories: "garden houses (garden pavilions)" and "extroverted houses facing urban passages". Architectural elements and features such as: the relationship between indoor spaces and semi-open spaces and open spaces (courtyards), porches, windows and their proportions, entrances, number of floors, area of the substructure, stairs and their location, percentage of building surface area occupied by the entire land, proportions of rooms, spatial arrangement of rooms, and other matters, have caused differences and created different types of house architecture in these two historical periods, especially in the transition from the Qajar historical period to the first Pahlavi historical period, and in a meaningful tradition.   Discussion and Evaluation of the Results of this study Historical houses in Gorgan city were studied as a human environment derived from various cultural, climatic-geographical and social factors. The important point is that the traditional (evolutionary process) of human living spaces (houses) is derived from fundamental social, political and economic changes in the two historical periods of Qajar and the first Pahlavi. With the passage of time and approaching the present era, historical houses have changed more rapidly, so that in the 100 years from the beginning to the end of the Qajar historical period, two types of houses, one with several central courtyards and the other with a single central courtyard, have emerged, which do not differ fundamentally from each other. The architecture of historical houses in Gorgan during this period is dominated by stability and stability. However, at the end of the Qajar historical period to the end of the first Pahlavi historical period, which includes about 20 to 25 years of time, 4 types of houses that are completely different from the houses of the Qajar period have been formed, and these 4 types also have many differences from each other. The type of classification that has been carried out in the typology of Gorgan's houses' architecture has been able to accurately analyze the spatial structure and design pattern in different periods of Gorgan's architecture. Linear patterns and the central courtyard are patterns that have been obtained naturally and without the intervention of external and interfering factors, which can be a suitable model for Gorgan's native architects to design modern housing inspired by the past architecture of Gorgan. What has been obtained regarding the architecture of Gorgan's houses in the extroverted patterns shows that the houses of the first Pahlavi dynasty did not have much of a natural and historically evolutionary structure and only paid attention to some naturalistic architectural patterns of the past of Gorgan, and in the periods after the first Pahlavi dynasty, the architectural patterns of Gorgan's houses were generally no longer used.   Refrences General Department of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Golestan Province (2013) Map Archive, Gorgan. Instructor Minoo and Rosa Vakilinejad and Mohammad Aliabadi (1400) Typology of Semi-Open Space of Tarmeh in Bushehr Architecture. Iranian Archaeological Research Journal, Volume 11, Issue 30. Eghbali, Seyed Rahman (1378) Iranian Architecture in the First Three Decades of the Twentieth Century. Second Congress of History, Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran. Kerman: Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of the Country. Belali, Oskouei, Azita and SamanehDehghan (1400) Typology of Historical Houses of Urmia in the Qajar Period. Armanshahr Journal, Volume 14, Issue 37, Pirnia, Mohammad Karim (1369) Iranian Architectural Styles. Compiled by GholamhosseinMemarian. Islamic Art and Publishing Institute affiliated with the Deputy for Culture and Social Affairs and Art of the Oppressed and Veterans, Tehran. Pour Ahmad, Ahmad and Mehdi Hessam and HadisehAshour and Saber Mohammadpour(2010) An analysis of the physical-spatial development pattern of Gorgan city using Shannon and Holdren entropy models. Journal of Urban Research and Planning, Volume 1, Issue 3. Javadi, NodehMahsa and AzadehShahcheraghi and AlirezaAndalib (2012) Study of golden proportions and geometric principles derived from nature in the physical components of historical houses (Case study: Qajar houses of Ardabil). BaghNazar Journal, Volume 11, Issue 110. Jihani, Hamid Reza and Ali Omrani Pour and FatemehRajabi and BabakAlami (2019) Typology of historical houses of the Qajar period of Naraq. Housing and rural environment, Volume 38, Issue 167. HatemGholamali (2000) Cultural image of Iran by Abbas Namjoo, Tehran: Ilam Publishing. HaeriMazandarani, Mohammad Reza (2009) House, Culture, Nature. Tehran: Center for Urban Planning and Architecture Studies and Research. Hosseininia, Seyed Mehdi and Karim HajizadehBastani and Habib, ShahbaziShiran and Reza Rezaloo and ShahrokhShidai (2010) Typology of Historical Houses in the Old Texture of Ardabil. Journal of Iranian Archaeological Research, Volume 10, Number 26. RafieiSareshki, Bijan and Ali Mohammad RanjbarKermani and NedaRafizadeh (2003)FarhangMehrazi (Architecture) of Iran, Tehran: Center for Building and Housing Research. Rajabi, Parviz (1976) Iranian Architecture in the Pahlavi Era. Tehran: National University. Zommershidi, Hossein (2011) Iranian House Architecture and Residential Construction from the Qajar Period to Today, Quarterly Journal of Iranian Islamic City Studies. Volume 1, Issue 3. Sifian, Mohammad Kazem and Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi (2007) Secrecy and Traditional Iranian Architecture. City Identity, Volume 1, Issue 1. دگرگونی&zwnj;هاي بنيادين بین دو دوره تاریخی قاجاریه و پهلوی اول، به گونه&zwnj;گونی معماری خانه&rlm;ها انجامیده است. این پژوهش، ترادیسی یا روند تحولی معماری خانه&zwnj;های تاریخي شهر گرگان را در اين دو دوره تاريخي و بر پایه مطالعه کتابخانه&zwnj;ای و اسناد تاریخی به همراه برداشت&zwnj;های میدانی تکمیلی بر پايه روش علمي گونه&zwnj;شناسی امس راپاپورت، مورد مطالعه، دسته&rlm;بندی، واکاوی و قیاس قرار داده است. سه گونه معماری خانه از جهت کالبدی- فضایی، قابل شناسایی است. گونه اول، «خانه&rlm;های قاجاریه» شامل خانه&zwnj;ها با الگوی حیاط مرکزی است که در دو دسته: خانه&rlm;های با خانواده گسترده با چند حیاط مرکزی و خانه&rlm;های با خانواده مستقل با یک حیاط، قرار می&rlm;گیرند. گونه دوم، «خانه&rlm;های دوره گذار از قاجاریه به پهلوی اول» هستند. این خانه&zwnj;ها دارای هندسه خطی هستند و در دو دسته: نیمه درون&zwnj;گرا ( پایان قاجاریه) و نیمه برون&zwnj;گرا (آغاز پهلوی اول)، طبقه&rlm;بندی می&rlm;شوند. گونه سوم، «خانه&rlm;های پهلوی اول» هستند. این خانه&zwnj;ها در دو دسته «کوشک-باغ» و « برون&zwnj;گرای رو به گذر&rlm; شهری» قرار می&rlm;گیرند. عناصر و ویژگی&zwnj;های معماری همچون: رابطه فضاهای سرپوشیده با فضاهای نیمه&zwnj;باز و فضاهای باز (حیاط)، ایوان، پنجره&zwnj;ها و تناسبات آنها، ورودی، شمار طبقه، مساحت زیربنا، پله و موقعیت آن، درصد سطح اشغال ساختمان نسبت به همه زمین، تناسبات اتاق&zwnj;ها، چیدمان فضایی اتاق&zwnj;ها و دیگر موارد، باعث تفاوت و ایجاد گونه&zwnj;های مختلف معماری خانه&zwnj;ها در این دو دوره تاریخی و به&zwnj;ویژه در گذار از قاجاریه به پهلوی اول و در یک ترادیسی معنادار، گردیده است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318Reading and Analyzing Qualitative Components Influencing Spatial Perception in Traditional Houses of Yazd (A Comparative Study of Rasoulian House and Mortaz House)خوانش و تحلیل مؤلفه‌های کیفی مؤثر در ادراک فضای خانه‌های سنّتی یزد (مطالعه تطبیقی؛ خانه رسولیان و خانه مرتاض)4770fa سمیه امیدواریدانشیار، گروه معماری، دانشگاه علم و هنر، یزد، ایران سمیه داودیاستاد مدعو، گروه معماری، دانشگاه ملّی مهارت، تهران، ایران حسین مهدوی پوراستادیار، گروه معماری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران 20241028With the expansion of the field of architecture and its connection with other fields such as behaviorism and environmental psychology, topics such as the process of perception and the analysis of the components affecting it have drawn the attention of many researchers. Different theorists including "Lang", "Cremona" and "Ian Bentley" expressed different theories in the field of environmental perception and examined the components affecting qualitative perception and things like readability, variety, vitality, flexibility, sense Place and... have been presented in the explanation of qualitative components. While introducing the quality measurement models based on these theories, this article deals with the extraction and selection of the most effective components on the perception of space. In this research, which is of a mixed type, first among the components affecting the quality of perception, four components "variety, readability, visual compatibility and sensory richness" which have been given special attention by most theorists, were initially selected and While describing and analyzing the quality of each of the selected components, qualitative indicators such as geometry, order, fluidity, balance, evocativeness, etc. were extracted. Because these indicators can be evaluated in the measurement of qualitative perception; In the second part of the article, the impact of the components and indicators was measured using the questionnaire method and the average analysis of the obtained statistical data. In the following, with the aim of measuring and evaluating the mentioned indicators in the qualitative perception of two traditional houses in the historical context of Yazd, namely " Rasoulian" and " Mortaz", which in recent decades have become parts of the Yazd Faculty of Art and Architecture. Qualitative and quantitative measurements have been identified and analyzed in order to identify and accurately analyze the perceptual differences in these two houses. The respondents of the questionnaire of this research were graduates of Yazd Faculty of Art and Architecture who had the experience of attending these two houses for consecutive years and gained a relatively accurate understanding of these two houses. The analyzes have shown the perceptual commonalities in these two houses. Relying on the quantitative measurements, the findings of the article confirm that from the perspective of the users, all four investigated components had a significant effect on the qualitative perception of the spaces of this two houses, and this is a sign of the secret of the dynamics and durability of traditional architecture of Yazd.   Keywords: Components of Perception, Mortaz House, Quality of perception, Perception of Space, Rasoulian House.   Introduction   The field of architecture has undergone significant transformation over the years, evolving from a discipline primarily concerned with aesthetics and construction techniques to one that actively incorporates insights from behavioral science, environmental psychology, and sociology. This interdisciplinary approach has led to a deeper understanding of spatial perception and the Components influencing it. The Perception of Space, which refers to the way humans cognitively and sensorially interpret their surroundings, plays a critical role in how architectural spaces are experienced, appreciated, and utilized. In recent decades, researchers and theorists such as Kevin Lynch, Matthew Carmona, and Ian Bentley have contributed extensively to this field, offering frameworks and theories that identify multiple key qualitative components effecting spatial perception. These components, including legibility, diversity, vitality, flexibility, and a sense of place, are foundational to creating spaces that resonate with users on cognitive, emotional, and sensory levels. This study delves into these theoretical insights by focusing on the Traditional Houses of Yazd, a city renowned for its ingenious desert-adaptive designs and historic urban fabric. Yazd’s traditional houses exemplify a harmonious blend of functional and aesthetic elements, offering a wealth of insights into how architecture can show environmental challenges while fostering a profound connection with its inhabitants. The research specifically examines and studies two exemplary traditional houses—Rasoulian House and Mortaz House—to explore the qualitative components influencing spatial perception. By conducting a comparative analysis, the study seeks to uncover the principles underlying the timeless appeal and enduring vitality of these architectural masterpieces.   Theoretical Foundations and Methodology The Central part to this research is the identification and analysis of key qualitative components that effect on spatial perception. Based on a comprehensive review of theoretical literature and information, four components have been selected for detailed exploration: diversity, legibility, visual compatibility, and sensory richness. These components are frequently emphasized in the works of leading theorists and are considered essential in shaping meaningful and engaging architectural spaces. Each component is analyzed to extract specific attributes that contribute to spatial quality. For instance: <ul> <li>Diversity: Refers to the variety and complexity of spatial arrangements, including variations in scale, function, and spatial transitions.</li> <li>Legibility: Encompasses the clarity and coherence of spatial organization, ensuring that users can easily navigate and understand the environment.</li> <li>Visual Compatibility: Highlights the harmonious integration of architectural elements, materials, and motifs to create aesthetically pleasing spaces.</li> <li>Sensory Richness: Focuses on the stimulation of multiple senses through elements such as light, texture, sound, and temperature.</li> </ul> The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of spatial perception. In the qualitative phase, detailed analyses of the selected components are conducted through site visits, architectural documentation, and interpretative studies. Attributes such as geometry, order, fluidity, balance, and memorability are explored to understand how these components contribute to the overall spatial experience.In the quantitative phase, structured questionnaires are distributed to users and occupants of two Case Studies:Rasoulian House and Mortaz House. The survey captures subjective experiences and perceptions, providing statistical data that complements the qualitative findings. The combination of these methods ensures a robust analysis of how qualitative components influence spatial perception in traditional houses.   Case Studies: Rasoulian House and Mortaz House Rasoulian House and Mortaz House were selected as case studies due to their exemplary representation of Yazd’s traditional architecture. Both houses, situated within the city’s historic fabric, embody the principles of adaptive design, cultural expression, and environmental harmony. Despite their differences in architectural spaces and historical contexts, both houses offer valuable insights into the qualitative aspects of spatial perception.   Rasoulian House Rasoulian House is renowned for its central courtyard design, which exemplifies the traditional Persian architectural approach to creating a microclimate in hot and dry environments. The house features symmetrical layouts, intricate stucco work, and a well-defined spatial hierarchy. The courtyard acts as the focal point, surrounded by iwans (semi-open spaces), closed rooms, and subspaces. The interplay of light and shadow in the courtyard, coupled with the presence of water features and greenery, gives the space a sensory richness. The use of traditional materials such as adobe, brick, and plaster further adds to the tactile and visual appeal of the house.   Mortaz House Mortaz House, though distinct in its design, shares several similarities with Rasoulian House in terms of its adaptive use of spatial elements. The house is characterized by its geometric precision, balance, and functional layout, which reflect a strong focus on legibility. The clear spatial hierarchy and axial alignments make the house easily navigable, while the harmonious integration of architectural elements ensures visual consistency. The use of semi-open spaces, such as iwans and porches, allows for a seamless transition between indoor and outdoor environments, enhancing the overall spatial experience.   Findings and Implications The findings of this study highlight the significant role of the four identified components in shaping spatial perception. Diversity, legibility, visual compatibility, and sensory richness are shown to have a substantial impact on how users experience and interpret the spaces in two traditional houses:Rasoulian House and Mortaz House. Attributes such as geometry, order, fluidity, balance, and memorability further enhance the qualitative richness of these environments.The perceptual commonalities observed between the two houses underscore the effectiveness of traditional architectural principles in creating meaningful and engaging spaces. These principles, rooted in a deep understanding of human needs and environmental context, have contributed to the enduring vitality and resilience of Yazd’s traditional architecture. The findings also provide valuable insights for contemporary architectural practices, emphasizing the importance of integrating qualitative components into Contemporary design processes.   Lessons for Contemporary Architecture This research underscores the relevance of traditional architectural principles in showing contemporary challenges. By drawing inspiration from the qualitative components analyzed in this study, architects can create spaces that are both functional and meaningful. For instance, incorporating elements of diversity in spatial arrangements can enhance user engagement and adaptability, while ensuring legibility can improve the navigability and coherence of spaces. Similarly, both emphasizing visual compatibility and sensory richness can create environments that foster a sense of place, community, and well-being. In conclusion, this study confirms that the qualitative components analyzed are integral to the spatial perception of Yazd traditional houses. These components enhance the aesthetic, functional, and emotional qualities of the spaces, contributing to their enduring relevance in contemporary architectural discourse. The lessons learned from Rasoulian House and Mortaz House highlight the potential of traditional architectural principles to inform and inspire future design practices, ensuring the creation of spaces that resonate with users on multiple levels.   Refrences Atkinson, R. L. (2014). Psychology of sensation and perception (H. EbrahimiMoghadam, Trans., 2nd ed.). Tehran: Farabi Publications. (Original work published in Persian) Pak Nehad, H., &Pajoohanfar, M. (2017). Improving spatial quality patterns of urban parks to enhance social interactions among citizens: A case study of parks in Gorgan. Golestan University Quarterly Journal, 7(26), 22–55. (Original work published in Persian) Paykan, E., &Rafieian, M. (2019). In search of an integrated framework for spatial perception in interactive studies of human and environment. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, 28, 125–138. (Original work published in Persian) Shahcheraghi, A., &Bandarabad, A. (2020). Enclosed in the environment (Application of environmental psychology in architecture and urban planning). Tehran: Jihad Daneshgahi Organization Publications. (Original work published in Persian) Tahmasebi, A., Alizadeh, H., &Aslani, P. (2018). A study of the components shaping the semantic-perceptual quality of the environment: A case study of the Gatarcheenan neighborhood in Sanandaj. Armanshahr Architecture and Urban Development, 25. (Original work published in Persian) KamuShalmani, K., &Hanachi, S. (2015). Examining the impact of visual factors in urban spaces on citizens' behavioral patterns: A case study of Rasht Municipality Square. City Identity, 24. (Original work published in Persian)    با گسترده شدن حوزه معماری و ارتباط آن با سایر رشته&zwnj;ها مانند رفتارشناسی و روان&zwnj;شناسی محیط، مباحثی مانند فرآیند ادراک و تحلیل مؤلفه&zwnj;های مؤثر بر آن، توجه بسیاری از پژوهشگران را به خود معطوف نموده است. نظریه&zwnj;پردازان مختلفی از جمله «لنگ»، «کرمونا» و «یان بنتلی» با بیان تئوری&zwnj;های مختلف در حوزه ادراک محیط، به بررسی مؤلفه&zwnj;های مؤثر بر ادراک کیفی پرداخته و مواردی از جمله خوانایی، تنوع، سرزندگی، انعطاف&zwnj;پذیری، حس مکان را در تبیین مؤلفه&zwnj;های کیفی ارائه کرده&zwnj;اند. این مقاله ضمن معرفی مدل&zwnj;های سنجش کیفیت بر اساس این نظریات، به استخراج و گزینش تأثیرگذارترین مؤلفه&zwnj;های مؤثر بر ادراک فضا می&zwnj;پردازد. در این پژوهش که از نوع ترکیبی است، نخست از میان مؤلفه&zwnj;های مؤثر بر کیفیت ادراک، چهار مؤلفه «تنوع، خوانايي، سازگاري بصري و غنای حسی» که از سوی عمده نظریه&zwnj;پردازان مورد توجه خاص بوده است، مورد گزینش قرار گرفته و ضمن توصیف و تحلیل کیفی هر یک از مؤلفه&zwnj;های انتخابی، شاخصه&zwnj;های کیفی از جمله هندسه، نظم، سیالیت، تعادل، خاطره&zwnj;انگیزی استخراج گردید. در بخش دوم با استفاده از روش پرسشنامه و تحلیل میانگین اطلاعات آماری حاصل شده، به سنجش تأثیر این مؤلفه&zwnj;ها پرداخته شد. در ادامه با هدف سنجش و ارزیابی شاخصه&zwnj;های مذکور در ادراک کیفی دو خانه سنتی در بافت تاریخی یزد یعنی «خانه رسولیان» و «خانه مرتاض»، وجوه شاخص تمایز ادراکی در این دو خانه را مورد بازشناسی و تحلیل دقیق قرار گرفت. تحلیل&zwnj;ها بیانگر وجوه اشتراک ادراکی در این دو خانه بوده است. با تکیه بر سنجش&zwnj;های کمی انجام شده، یافته&zwnj;های مقاله تأیید می&zwnj;نماید که از منظر استفاده&zwnj;کنندگان، هر چهار مؤلفه مورد بررسی به میزان قابل&zwnj;توجهی در ادراک کیفی فضاهای این دوخانه تأثیر داشته&zwnj;اند و این امر نشانی از راز پویایی و ماندگاری معماری سنتی خانه&zwnj;های یزد است.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318Stages of Transition from Separation to Union in the Architecture of Interstitial Spaces: A Case Study of Imam Mosque, Isfahanمراتب گذار از فصل تا وصل در معماری فضای بینابینی مطالعة موردی: مسجد امام اصفهان71100fa پگاه شیرازپوردانشجوی دکتری تخصصی، گروه معماری، دانشکده‌ فنی و مهندسی، واحد پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایرانفرححبیباستاد گروه معماری، دانشکده‌ فنی و مهندسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-1306-106Xنسیماشرافیاستادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده‌ فنی و مهندسی، واحد پردیس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران0000-0002-1306-106X20241027Interstitial space in architecture serves as a realm for the transition from the material world to the spiritual domain. This study aims to explore the stages of transition from separation to union in the interstitial space of architecture, focusing specifically on the Imam Mosque of Isfahan. The interstitial space, as a third space that facilitates transition, is related to movement, direction, and destination, guiding the individual from appearance to essence. The research method is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach, utilizing library studies, spatial arrangement analysis, and field research with DepthMap and SPSS software. The findings suggest that interstitial spaces create a hierarchy of movement and perception, providing a platform for spiritual proximity along a path toward a defined destination, leading to mental and emotional transformation of the user.The transition from exterior to interior in architecture is deemed as one of the most fundamental debates addressed in the present research within the context of liminality. Liminality implies an in-between and mediatory state in architecture which refers to two positions of being in-between proximity or elevation to reach the final resting destination of stability. In the architectural world liminality represents closeness to communion with the goal akin to an intuitive command and makes architecture to have levels and stages. The most significant goal of the present dissertation is proximity to truth in transition from external to internal examining its levels and orders.   Keywords: Interstitial space, union, appearance and essence, Imam Mosque of Isfahan   Introduction Islamic architecture has always sought to create spaces that transform the sensory and spiritual experiences of users. One of the key features of this architecture is the use of interstitial spaces, which act as intermediaries between external and internal spaces, facilitating a gradual experience of movement and transition. These spaces not only have a functional role but also carry significant symbolic and conceptual meaning, altering the perception of the user toward space and architecture. Given the importance of this subject, the current study investigates the stages of transition from separation to union in the architecture of interstitial spaces, with the Imam Mosque of Isfahan selected as a rich example of Islamic architecture. The liminal stages are defined as appearance (transmission, reception), reality (interpretation, perception) and truth (presence, transformation). The liminal experience is not confined to a mere passage from one space into another as this experience signifies a material dissociation and spiritual association. The scope of research in the theoretical framework includes the liminal space in mosques along with the related concepts reflecting and focusing on ideas by domestic as well as foreign thinkers, philosophers, mystics and scholars in order to reach a comprehensive and thorough definition of the notion of communion in Shiite mosques scrutinizing the data in the relevant texts. Moreover, the implied and semantic values in the architecture of the liminal spaces of mosques are examined to explore the relation among action, reaction, and interaction to elucidate that this process is two dimensional whose outcome is the three staged passage from detachment, elevation and attachment. This not only assists the formation of the shape of the space, but also plays an essential role in gradation, and orientation of the notions of interaction, action, and reaction. This dissertation being an interdisciplinary research including philosophy, semantic values, and qualitative terms related to the liminal space of mosques, attempts at exploring the moment of union in the selected mosques. To achieve the goal, the research utilizes the mixed qualitative, and quantitative method. After examining the specialized texts within the theoretical framework, the presented models obtained from domestic as well as foreign scholars and thinkers are introduced and based on the nature of the subjects in questions using the narrative method or content analysis or descriptive statistics with the use of SPSS and AMOS software. Afterwards the required maps to interpret the given data with Depth Map are extracted from trasure books and documents from Isfahan province’s cultural heritage organization to analyze the physical characteristics of Imam Mosques with interviews, and registering the post analysis by human.   Research Methodology This study is applied in terms of its objectives and uses a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) method. In the qualitative section, library research is conducted to extract theoretical concepts related to interstitial space, transition, and union. In the quantitative section, field data is analyzed using spatial arrangement analysis, DepthMap, and SPSS software, as well as human trace recording. The Delphi method and Analytical Network Process (ANP) were also used for data analysis. The statistical population includes architectural experts and users of the Imam Mosque of Isfahan, and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula.   Results The findings of the research reveal that interstitial space in the Imam Mosque of Isfahan plays a crucial role in guiding users from the public space to more private and inward spaces. This process occurs through the hierarchy of movement, changes in spatial scale, and the interplay of light and shadow. Software analyses also indicate that the Imam Mosque has a coherent spatial pattern that focuses the sensory and spiritual experience of the users in the dome chamber.   Discussion and Conclusion Interstitial space in architecture functions not only as a physical element but also as a platform for sensory, mental, and spiritual experiences. This research shows that interstitial spaces play a key role in guiding the user from the surface appearance to the depth of meaning. The findings suggest that interstitial space, by organizing movement and perception hierarchies, leads the user toward union and a transcendent experience. The analysis of the case study, the Imam Mosque of Isfahan, confirms that these spaces, through their physical, sensory, and symbolic interactions, not only enhance spatial understanding but also profoundly impact the experience of presence and spirituality. The research findings imply that as an uncertain condition, liminality invites and encourages the audience in reaching a communion in architecture within the three stages of detachment, elevation, and attachment. In the first order the passage is merely from appearance to appearance; a physical movement from matter to matter horizontally and vertically which causes diversity. The next level is movement from appearance to reality; A mental passage from matter to mind in the realm of spiritual which occurs vertically and leads into excellence and progression. The final stage or level is the passage from reality to truth; A movement from mind to truth in the realm of soul representing the ascending movement from imperfection to perfection culminating into conjunction, and communion. The gradual possibility of union, the destination and elevation are embedded in the motion; A state of restlessness and desire for union which is repeated over and over from external to internal, considering the purposefulness of the transition which ultimately creates harmony and enriches the architecture. The findings include the presentation of a quantitative model in the field of theorization and research measures are based on a parallel transformation of qualitative and quantitative data in order to inaugurate theories in the liminal zones to fill the existing theoretical gap in the function of the liminal spaces.   References Ahmadi, F. (2012). Separation and union in traditional Iranian architecture. KimiayeHonar Journal, 3, 131-135. Badahang, B., KalantariKhililabad, H., &Ziyari, K. (2022). Identifying and defining key drivers affecting the quality of landscape in historic urban fabrics (Case study: Sang Siah neighborhood of Shiraz). Scientific Journal of Iranian Islamic City Studies, 50, 37-50. BilianAsl, L., Etessam, I., & Islami, S. G. (2008). Impact of interstitial space on the continuity of space between architectural and urban elements in Iran: A case study of Tabriz city. Doctoral Thesis in Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Daneshmand, S., &Fatahi, K. (2022). Framework of transcendental perceptual process for the aesthetic quality of space (Combining views of modern sciences and transcendental wisdom). Scientific Journal of Iranian Islamic City Studies, 50, 19-36. Del Zende, A., Jahanbakhsh, H., Moradinasab, H., Bemanian, M., &Zolfaqarzadeh, H. (2023). Classifying definitions and approaches to Islamic architecture based on epistemology and ontology. Scientific Journal of Iranian Islamic City Studies, 54, 83-100. AlineyaMotlaq, A., Shakouri, R., & Aini Fer, R. (2019). What is the status of threshold in architecture and reflection on the interaction between interior and exterior in architecture. Doctoral Thesis in Architecture, Yazd University. Ghoochani, M., & Mousavi, S. M. (2021). Impact of Qibla direction on movement hierarchy in mosques with a study of Iranian-Islamic architectural styles. Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architecture Research, 9(33), 45-57. Mortezaei, H., Bemanian, M., & Ansari, M. (2018). Semantic values in the architecture of thresholds (Case study: Traditional housing in Yazd). Doctoral Thesis in Architecture, TarbiatModares University, Tehran. AbbasiAzar, S., Panahi, S., &KalantariKhililabad, H. (2023). Defining the influential components in the formation of the ‘void’ structure affecting social interactions (Pahlavi-era residential buildings to present in Tehran). Quarterly Journal of Islamic Architecture Research, 54, 1-17. Mayhew, A. (2019). Architecture and the spaces in-between. Manifesto for the Canadian Architecture Forums on Education (CAFÉ). University of Calgary. Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural equation analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Shamai, S. (1991). Sense of place: An empirical measurement. Geoforum, 22, 347-358.  انتقال از یک فضا به فضای دیگر به&zwnj;واسطه فضای سومی است که در قالب بینابینی مطرح می&zwnj;شود. بینابینی در این پژوهش با ماهیت گذار که دارای حرکت، جهت و مقصد است سر&zwnj;وکار دارد. برای دست یافتن به حقیقت موضوع، راهی جز سیر از ظاهر به باطن را پیش رو نمی&zwnj;گذارد. هرگاه فرد در فضای بینابینی قرار می&zwnj;گیرد، در مسیری رو به سوی مقصدی مشخص است که در این مقاله وصال نامیده می&zwnj;شود. مقالة حاضر با سیری از ظاهر به باطن، سعی در پیدا کردن حقیقت بینابینی در معماری دارد. در مرحلة اول این مسیر در احوال آدمی و در مراحل بعدی به عنوان بحثی در معماری به آن پرداخته خواهد شد و با ورود به موضوعی چند جانبه به تبیین نقش فضاهای بینابین در سلسله مراتب حرکت از جلوخان تا گنبدخانه مسجد مورد پژوهش و تدقیق این نقش در سه مرتبه ظاهر، باطن و حقیقت خواهد پرداخت. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف كاربردي و از نظر روش، کیفی- کمی (آمیخته) است و از حیث جمعآوری اطلاعات، مي&zwnj;توان اين تحقيق را نوعی تحقيق ميداني به حساب آورد. روش تحلیل آن نیز با استفاده از روش چیدمان فضا، تحلیل مصاحبه&zwnj;ها و تحلیل آماری توسط نرم&zwnj;افزار SPSS و آنالیز مؤلفه&zwnj;ها در فضاهای بینابینی مسجد امام اصفهان است. بینابینی&zwnj;های مکرر در سیر مراتب از جلوخان مسجد امام تا گنبدخانه در مخاطب تحولی ایجاد می&zwnj;کند که با بی&zwnj;قراری آمادة رسیدن به مقصد نهایی که همان وصال به حقیقت معماری از دل برآمده است، می&zwnj;شود. مراتب گذار در معماری فضای بینابینی به ترتیب با مفاهیم «انفصال/ دریافت، گذار/ برداشت و اتصال/ تحول» تعریف می&zwnj;شوند؛ به عبارتی دیگر یک ناحیة انتقالی معماری (مرتبه اول در بینابینی) در مرتبه&zwnj;ای کامل&zwnj;تر جایی برای متحول شدن و در وجوه عالی&zwnj;تر مکانی برای حضور در نظر گرفته می&zwnj;شود. بنابراین تجربة بینابینی در معماری تنها گذر از یک فضا تا فضای دیگر نیست، این گسترة معنایی از فصل تا وصل حقایقی را به همراه دارد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318Evaluation and Comparison of Accessing Neighborhood-level Urban Services and Amenities Among Neighborhoods in Tehran metropolis form a Spatial Justice Perspectiveمقایسه و ارزیابی سطح برخورداری محلات کلان‌شهر تهران از امکانات و خدمات محله‌ای از منظر عدالت فضایی101131faبهزادعمران‌زادهاستادیار گروه شهر اسلامی- ایرانی، پژوهشکده شهید صدر، دانشگاه .جامع امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران 0009-0006-4914-1500علی ماهوش محمدی ورنوسفادرانی دانشجوی دکتری برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران00090007224924712023717احمدی، اکبر و اسفندیار جهانگرد (1399) رتبه&zwnj;بندی محلات شهر تهران از بعد سطح برخورداری و کیفیت زندگی با استفاده از Fuzzy TOPSIS. اقتصاد شهر (5) 1، صص 127- 147. بیات، اسداله و زینب کرکه&zwnj;آبادی و سعید کامیابی (1396) ارزیابی و سنجش وضعیت افتراق و ناهمگونی فضایی موجود در سطح منطقه شهری تهران با استفاده از مدل TOPSIS. جغرافیا، 15 (دوره جدید) (54 )، صص 229- 246.  SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/150147/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/150147/fa</a> تقوایی، علی&zwnj;اکبر و محمدرضا بمانیان و محمدرضا &zwnj;پورجعفر و مهدی بهرام&zwnj;پور (1394) میزان سنجش عدالت فضایی در چارچوب نظریه شهر عدالت&zwnj;محور، مورد پژوهی: مناطق 22&zwnj;گانه شهرداری تهران، مدیریت شهری، 14 (38)، صص 391-423.            SID.<a href="https://sid.ir/paper/92135/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/92135/fa</a> حیدری چیانه، رحیم و حجت محمدی ترکمانی و موسی واعظی (1396) تحلیلی بر عدالت فضایی و کاربری&zwnj;های درمانی مبتنی بر GIS مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر تبریز، بیمارستان، 16 (3 (مسلسل 62))، صص 19-29.  SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/106691/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/106691/fa</a> داداش&zwnj;پور، &zwnj;هاشم و فرامرز رستمی (1390) سنجش عدالت فضایی یکپارچه خدمات عمومی شهری بر اساس توزیع جمعیت، قابلیت دسترسی و کارایی در شهر یاسوج، مطالعات و پژوهش&zwnj;های شهری منطقه&zwnj;ای، 3 (10)، صص 1-22. SID.<a href="https://sid.ir/paper/153045/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/153045/fa</a> دلایی میلان، ابراهیم و رضا خیرالدین (1396) سنجش عدالت فضایی در بستر نظام حمل و نقل عمومی با مدل تحلیل شبکه&zwnj;ای (مورد پژوهی: مناطق 2، 3، 4 و 5 شهر تهران). نگرش&zwnj;های نو در جغرافیای انسانی (جغرافیای انسانی)، 9 (3)، صص19-39.        SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/502206/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/502206/fa</a> رهنما، محمدرحیم و جواد ذبیحی (1390) تحلیل توزیع تسهیلات عمومی شهری در راستای عدالت فضایی با مدل یکپارچه دسترسی در مشهد، جغرافیا و توسعه، 9 (پیاپی 23)، صص 5-26.      SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/77025/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/77025/fa</a> صارمی، حمیدرضا و سهیلا توتزاری (1393) سنجش و ارزیابی سطوح برخورداری مناطق شهری کلان شهر تهران با استفاده از تکنیک TOPSIS.  هویت شهر، 8 (18)، صص 47-60.        SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/154650/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/154650/fa</a> صالحی امیری، سیدرضا و زهره رضایی (1387) بررسی مفهوم عدالت اجتماعی. پژوهشنامه عدالت اجتماعی، - (26)، صص 11-37.               SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/479223/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/479223/fa</a> عمران&zwnj;زاده، بهزاد (1394) تبیین عدالت فضایی در شهر آرمانی اسلام (مطالعه موردی: کلان شهر تهران)، رساله دکتری برنامه&zwnj;ریزی شهری دانشگاه تهران. مرصوصي، نفیسه (1382) تحليل فضايي عدالت اجتماعي در شهر تهران مطالعه موردی شهرداری تهران، رساله دکتری جغرافيا گرايش برنامه&zwnj;ريزي شهري، دانشگاه تربيت مدرس، تهران. ندایی طوسی، سحر و علیرضا نوری (1396) ارزیابی یکپارچه عدالت بالفعل فضایی در دسترسی به تسهیلات پایه شهری به روش ارزیابی چندمعیاره فضایی، موردپژوهی: شهر اردبیل، صفه، 27 (78 )، صص 105-136. SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/94451/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/94451/fa</a> نوروزی، فریبا و اسماعیل صالحی و مریم خستو (1398) فراتحلیل مطالعات انجام شده در حوزه عدالت فضایی. جغرافیا و آمایش شهری- منطقه&zwnj;ای، 9 (33)، صص 83-104.              SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/524390/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/524390/fa</a> وارثی، حمیدرضا و صفر قائدرحمتی و ایمان باستانی&zwnj;فر (1386) بررسی اثرات توزیع خدمات شهری در عدم تعادل فضایی جمعیت مطالعه موردی؛ مناطق شهر اصفهان. جغرافیا و توسعه، 5 (پیاپی 9)، صص 91-106.  SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/77355/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/77355/fa</a> الوندی&zwnj;پور، نینا و &zwnj;هاشم داداش&zwnj;پور (1397) فرا روش پژوهش&zwnj;های مرتبط با عدالت فضایی در مقیاس شهری در ایرن در بازه زمانی 1383-1394، پژوهش&zwnj;های بوم شناسی شهری، 9 (2 (پیاپی 18) )، صص 63-74. SID. <a href="https://sid.ir/paper/407589/fa">https://sid.ir/paper/407589/fa</a>   Alperovitz, G. (2017) The possibility of a pluralist commonwealth evolutionary reconstruction toward a caring and just political economy, Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies, 4 (1).## Alrobaee, T. R. (2021) Measuring spatial justice indices in the traditional islamic cities by using gis, an-najaf holy city, Iraq A case study, Journal of Geoinformatics & Environmental Research, 2 (01), 01–13.## Bibby, P., Henneberry, J., & Halleux, J.-M. (2021) Incremental residential densification and urban spatial justice: The case of England between 2001 and 2011, Urban Studies, 58 (10), Article 10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020936967">https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020936967</a>.## Biswas, S. P. (2015)Assorted City: Equity, Justice, and Politics in Urban Services Delivery. SAGE Publications India.## Bowen, W. (2002) An Analytical Review of Environmental Justice Research: What Do We Really Know? 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Y., Luo, J., & Chan, E. H. W. (2020) Spatial justice in public open space planning: Accessibility and inclusivity. Habitat International, 97, 102122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102122">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102122</a>.## Kunzmann, K. R. (1998) Planning for spatial equity in Europe. International Planning Studies, 3 (1), 101–120.## Lobao, L. M., Hooks, G., & Tickamyer, A. R. (2007) The Sociology of Spatial Inequality, SUNY Press.## Meng, Y., & Malczewski, J. (2015) A GIS-based Multicriteria Decision Making Approach for Evaluating Accessibility to Public Parks in Calgary, Alberta. HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 9 (1), Article 1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2015.91.3">https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2015.91.3</a>.## Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, J. (2009) Environmental Justice. 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(2018) Indicators for measuring spatial justice and land tenure security for poor and low income urban dwellers. Land, 7 (3), Article 3.## Wilson, W. J. (2006) The geography of opportunity: Race and housing choice in metropolitan America. Rowman & Littlefield.## Zallio, M., & Clarkson, P. J. (2021) Inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility in the built environment: A study of architectural design practice. Building and Environment, 206, 108352. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108352">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108352</a>.##  عدالت فضایی بازتاب جست&zwnj;وجوی دیرباز جامعه انسانی در پی عدالت در مقیاس شهری است و با چگونگی توزیع و برخورداری از خدمات و امکانات شهری گره &zwnj;خورده است. مطالعات نشان می&zwnj;دهد برخورداری از خدمات سطح محله&zwnj;ای تأثیر قابل&zwnj;توجهی بر کیفیت زندگی شهروندان دارد. بر این &zwnj;اساس پژوهش حاضر ابتدا به تبیین شاخص سنجش عدالت فضایی از بعد نظری پرداخته&zwnj; و سپس با پیشنهاد مدل آماری «تعادل فضایی ترکیبی» به ارزیابی عدالت فضایی در برخورداری از خدمات شهری سطح محله&zwnj;ای میان محلات 353&zwnj;گانه شهر تهران مبتنی بر شواهد عینی می&zwnj;پردازد. با استفاده از این مدل و بر اساس 34 سنجه کالبدی احصاء شده در 10 گروه، برخورداری محلات در دو سطح محله&zwnj;ای (بدون اعمال تأثیر ناحیه و منطقه) و ترکیبی (با اعمال تأثیر ناحیه و منطقه) مورد سنجش قرار گرفته و در 13 سطح طبقه&zwnj;بندی شده است. یافته&zwnj;های پژوهش حاکی از شکاف عمیق در توزیع امکانات و خدمات سطح محله&zwnj;ای و دسترسی محلات شهر تهران به آنها است. به&zwnj;نحوی&zwnj;که نزدیک به 70 درصد محلات با جمعیتی در حدود 82.5 درصد جمعیت شهر تهران در وضعیتی پایین&zwnj;تر از متوسط نسبت به معیارِ متوسط برخورداری کلی تمام محلات ارزیابی شده&zwnj;اند. همچنین شدت نابرابری در توزیع امکانات در محلات برخوردارتر، بیش از محلات با برخورداری زیر متوسط ارزیابی شد. از سویی یافته&zwnj;ها بیانگر توزیع عادلانه&zwnj;تر در مقیاس ناحیه&zwnj;ای و منطقه&zwnj;&zwnj;ای نسبت به مقیاس محله&zwnj;ای است. در نهایت فرایند طی شده در این پژوهش نیاز به&zwnj;ایجاد مقیاسی واحد برای سنجش توأمان کمیت و کیفیت امکانات شهری را آشکار کرد که پیشنهاد می&zwnj;شود در دستور کار نهادهای مربوطه قرار گیرد.

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مرکز منطقه ای اطلاع رسانی علوم و فناوریمطالعات شهر ایرانی-اسلامی2228-639X15562025318Assessment of Urban Fabric Vulnerability to Earthquakes: A Case Study of Kermanshah Cityارزیابی میزان آسیب‌پذیری بافت‌های شهری در برابر زلزله مطالعه موردی شهر کرمانشاه133154faایرجتیموریدانشیار جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه تبریز، ایران هادیحکیمیدانشیار جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه تبریز، ایران رحیمحیدری چیانهدانشیار جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه تبریز، ایرانآرام حمیدیدانشجوی دکترای جغرافیای برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه تبریز، ایران00090008935110832023614Earthquakes are the most destructive and deadly natural disasters. Kermanshah, as the largest metropolitan city in the central-western part of the country, has significant regional influence politically, socially, economically, and demographically. Due to the city's poor urban structure, Kermanshah is highly vulnerable to earthquakes, and the probability of emerging problems and critical situations is very high in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to provide systematic and efficient methods for crisis management to reduce the level of vulnerability. This study aims to identify the factors affecting physical vulnerability and provide a method and model to assess the vulnerability of urban areas to help urban management reduce casualties and damages caused by earthquakes before, during, and after the crisis. The research is applied, and the method used is descriptive and analytical. The study uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in the ARC GIS software environment to measure and prioritize the vulnerability of different regions of Kermanshah city. The results indicate that 31.69% of the city's buildings are located in very high and high vulnerability zones regarding physical sustainability, with Region 3 being the most vulnerable area. In terms of crisis relief efficiency, 13.65% of the city's buildings are in very high and high vulnerability zones, with Region 5 being the most vulnerable area. Regarding physical vulnerability, 23.78% of the buildings are in very high vulnerability zones, and 34.97% are in high vulnerability zones. Regions 3, 7, 4, and 2 are the most vulnerable areas in Kermanshah in the event of an earthquake.   Keywords: Vulnerability, Earthquake, Kermanshah, Analytical Hierarchy Process, GIS   Introduction The variety and frequency of natural disasters worldwide emphasize the need for effective management in urban planning to enhance resilience against the shocks of natural or human-made disasters. Iran, due to its geographical location and position on the Alpine-Himalayan seismic belt, is constantly exposed to high-magnitude earthquakes. Kermanshah Province, located near the main Zagros fault and secondary faults such as Nahavand, Qarun, Sahneh, and Morvarid, is highly susceptible to earthquakes, with events exceeding magnitudes of 6 and 7 in 1957 and 2017 serving as evidence of this vulnerability. Therefore, it is essential to provide systematic and efficient methods based on urban planning principles to manage crises and reduce Kermanshah city's vulnerability to earthquakes.This study examines the theoretical foundations and concepts related to earthquakes, urban planning, and city resilience. It evaluates the physical vulnerability of Kermanshah city in the event of an earthquake and identifies the factors, criteria, and variables affecting this vulnerability. Ultimately, 11 sub-criteria and two main criteria are identified as effective factors contributing to the city's vulnerability. After analyzing and processing the data, vulnerability maps were created for all sub-criteria, and it was found that the highest vulnerability is related to the sub-criterion of open spaces, followed by the proximity to fire stations. The highest vulnerability in the main criteria is related to the efficiency of the urban fabric during a crisis. According to the results, more than half of the buildings in the city are located in very high and high vulnerability zones in the event of an earthquake. The main objective of this research is to identify, analyze, categorize, and determine the impact of each factor affecting the physical vulnerability of the city to earthquakes. The research aims to use scientific methods and models to assess, measure, determine, and prioritize the vulnerability of urban areas in Kermanshah to potential earthquakes.   Research Methodology The required data were collected through library and documentary methods, using available information from the GIS unit of Kermanshah Municipality, satellite images (LANDSAT), and fieldwork. The aim of this study is to evaluate Kermanshah city's vulnerability based on the city's physical criteria. To determine the factors and variables affecting vulnerability, the study considers the current conditions of the city, as well as relevant previous research. The two main criteria of physical sustainability of the urban fabric and the efficiency of the fabric during a crisis, along with 11 sub-criteria (variables) such as land area, building coverage ratio, population density, number of floors, street width, building age, construction type and materials, access to open urban spaces, access to emergency centers, distance from hazard zones, and urban fabric type, were identified as key factors affecting the physical vulnerability of Kermanshah to earthquakes. After entering the spatial and descriptive data for each sub-criterion into GIS software, the data were stored, processed, and analyzed. Vulnerability maps for each sub-criterion were created, and in order to combine the layers (variables) and generate an overall vulnerability map, the importance and priority of each sub-criterion were determined. For this purpose, expert opinions were collected using questionnaires, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied using Expert Choice software to calculate the final weights of the criteria and sub-criteria and ensure the consistency of judgments. The vulnerability of each sub-criterion was categorized into four zones: very high, high, medium, and low, based on the impact of each indicator. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="350"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>     Map of the Physical Vulnerability of Kermanshah City Due to Earthquake Table of Physical Vulnerability of Kermanshah City Due to Earthquake (Number of Buildings and Percentage) <table width="681"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="68"> </td> <td width="77"> Very High Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> High Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> Medium Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> Low Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> Very High Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> High Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> Medium Vulnerability </td> <td width="77"> Low Vulnerability </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region One </td> <td width="77"> 1957 </td> <td width="77"> 4516 </td> <td width="77"> 4721 </td> <td width="77"> 2704 </td> <td width="77"> 1.175 </td> <td width="77"> 2.711 </td> <td width="77"> 2.834 </td> <td width="77"> 1.623 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Two </td> <td width="77"> 4529 </td> <td width="77"> 6422 </td> <td width="77"> 3986 </td> <td width="77"> 3305 </td> <td width="77"> 2.719 </td> <td width="77"> 3.855 </td> <td width="77"> 2.393 </td> <td width="77"> 1.984 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Three </td> <td width="77"> 14977 </td> <td width="77"> 10545 </td> <td width="77"> 3653 </td> <td width="77"> 4737 </td> <td width="77"> 8.991 </td> <td width="77"> 6.331 </td> <td width="77"> 2.193 </td> <td width="77"> 2.844 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Four </td> <td width="77"> 6724 </td> <td width="77"> 3811 </td> <td width="77"> 2748 </td> <td width="77"> 1476 </td> <td width="77"> 4.037 </td> <td width="77"> 2.288 </td> <td width="77"> 1.650 </td> <td width="77"> 0.886 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Five </td> <td width="77"> 2271 </td> <td width="77"> 14638 </td> <td width="77"> 7896 </td> <td width="77"> 5850 </td> <td width="77"> 1.363 </td> <td width="77"> 8.788 </td> <td width="77"> 4.740 </td> <td width="77"> 3.512 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Six </td> <td width="77"> 386 </td> <td width="77"> 2205 </td> <td width="77"> 6032 </td> <td width="77"> 5313 </td> <td width="77"> 0.232 </td> <td width="77"> 1.324 </td> <td width="77"> 3.621 </td> <td width="77"> 3.190 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Seven </td> <td width="77"> 7839 </td> <td width="77"> 10382 </td> <td width="77"> 6315 </td> <td width="77"> 620 </td> <td width="77"> 4.706 </td> <td width="77"> 6.233 </td> <td width="77"> 3.791 </td> <td width="77"> 0.372 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Region Eigh </td> <td width="77"> 935 </td> <td width="77"> 4277 </td> <td width="77"> 2950 </td> <td width="77"> 7852 </td> <td width="77"> 0.561 </td> <td width="77"> 2.568 </td> <td width="77"> 1.771 </td> <td width="77"> 4.714 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> Sum </td> <td width="77"> 39618 </td> <td width="77"> 56796 </td> <td width="77"> 38301 </td> <td width="77"> 31857 </td> <td width="77"> 23.784 </td> <td width="77"> 34.097 </td> <td width="77"> 22.994 </td> <td width="77"> 19.125 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> MAX </td> <td width="77"> 14977 </td> <td width="77"> 14638 </td> <td width="77"> 7896 </td> <td width="77"> 7852 </td> <td width="77"> 8.991 </td> <td width="77"> 8.788 </td> <td width="77"> 4.740 </td> <td width="77"> 4.714 </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="68"> The most vulnerable area </td> <td width="77"> Three </td> <td width="77"> Five </td> <td width="77"> Five </td> <td width="77"> Eigh </td> <td width="77"> Three </td> <td width="77"> Five </td> <td width="77"> Five </td> <td width="77"> Eigh </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   Conclusion In the event of an earthquake in Kermanshah city, the sub-criteria of access to open spaces and distance from fire stations will have the worst conditions. Specifically, 71.53% of buildings (119,159 buildings) are in very high vulnerability zones regarding access to open spaces, and 65.76% (109,539 buildings) are in very high vulnerability zones regarding access to fire stations. In these two sub-criteria, the worst conditions are found in Regions 3, 5, and 7, respectively. The sub-criteria of urban fabric type, access to healthcare centers, and building coverage ratio fall into the very high vulnerability zone, each with frequencies ranging from 35% to 43%, ranking second. The most vulnerable areas in these sub-criteria are Regions 3, 7, and 2.In the physical sustainability criterion, 34.27% of the city's buildings are located in very high vulnerability zones, and 35.04% are in high vulnerability zones, which is a significant and concerning number. In this criterion, the most vulnerable regions are Regions 3, 4, and 2. In terms of the efficiency of the urban fabric during a crisis, 33.08% of the city's buildings are in very high vulnerability zones, and 31.93% are in high vulnerability zones. The worst conditions in this criterion are found in Regions 5, 7, and 3.Regarding the overall physical vulnerability of the city to potential earthquakes, 39,618 buildings are in the very high vulnerability zone, and 56,796 buildings are in the high vulnerability zone. This means that 96,414 out of 166,500 buildings in the city (57.81%) are located in very high and high vulnerability zones. The final results of this study reveal the harsh reality that, in the event of an earthquake, unfortunately, more than half of Kermanshah city will be in very high and high vulnerability zones. If proper planning, scientific policy-making, and timely implementation of operational programs are not carried out, the casualties and damage resulting from the earthquake will be catastrophic and irreparable.   References Ahadinezad, M. (2013). Evaluation of Internal Factors Affecting the Vulnerability of City Buildings to Earthquakes Using GIS. Journal of Environmental Planning, 6(20), 23-52. Pourmohammadi, A., et al. (2013). Development of an Analytical Framework Based on GIS for Assessing Urban Durability Against Earthquakes: A Case Study of Tehran. Quarterly Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 8, 91-105. Iranian Red Crescent Society, Youth Organization (2003). Safety Tips Before, During, and After Floods. Golestan A, 2nd Edition. Habibi, E. (2010). Reducing Earthquake Vulnerability in Tehran City Using AHP and GIS. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Shamai, M., et al. (2017). Analysis of Architectural Sustainability Vulnerability in Kashan City to Earthquakes Using Fuzzy AHP and Expert Choice. Iranian Geomatics, 6(3), 143-155. Khalilabad Kalantari, H., et al. (2012). Investigating the Role of Social Capital in Reducing Earthquake Risk in the Historical Fabric of Yazd (Case Study: Fahadan Neighborhood). Journal of Studies on Iranian Islamic Cities, 3(9). Hosseindokht, M. (2010). Identification and prioritization of earthquake vulnerability using AHP and GIS (Case Study: Kermanshah city). Journal of Geographic Information Science, 20(80), 67-79.  ISDR, 2004: Living With Risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives United Nations International Strategy For Disaster Reduction Ishita, K. (2010). Application of hierarchical analysis method and GIS in earthquake vulnerability estimation. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 3(2), 231-238. Rashed.T,Weeks.J, 2004: Exploring The Spatial Association Between Measures From Satellite Imagery And Patterns Of Urban Vulnerability To Earthquake --  Hazards,International Population Center, Department Of Geography,San Diego State University, San        زمین&zwnj;لرزه ویرانگر&zwnj;ترین و مرگبار&zwnj;ترین رخداد طبیعی است که کشور ایران نیز با عنایت به وضعیت ویژه تکتونیکی در بیشتر نواحی خود با آن مواجه است. در میان مناطق زلزله&zwnj;خیز ایران، منطقه چین، گسل زاگرس که کلانشهر کرمانشاه نیز در آن واقع شده به&zwnj;عنوان بخشی از کمربند کوه&zwnj;زایی آلپ، هیمالیا از نواحی فعال و با احتمال وقوع زلزله با شدت بالا است. شهر کرمانشاه به&zwnj;عنوان بزرگ&zwnj;ترین کلان&zwnj;شهر در مرکزیت غرب کشور به لحاظ سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و جمعیتی دارای تأثیر منطقه&zwnj;ای بسیار است، این کلان&zwnj;شهر به سبب وضعیت نامناسب کالبد شهری، در صورت رخداد زمین&zwnj;لرزه به&zwnj;شدت آسیب&zwnj;پذیر گردیده و احتمال بروز مشکلات و وضعیت بحرانی در آن بسیار خواهد بود. لذا ارائه روش&zwnj;هایی نظام&zwnj;مند و کارآمد جهت استفاده در مدیریت بحران به&zwnj;منظور کاهش میزان آسیب&zwnj;پذیری در آن ضرورت دارد. هدف این مقاله شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در آسیب&zwnj;پذیری کالبدی شهر و ارائه روش و مدلی به&zwnj;منظور ارزیابی میزان آسیب&zwnj;پذیری مناطق شهر جهت کمک به مدیریت شهری در راستای کاهش تلفات و خسارات ناشی از زلزله در مراحل قبل، حین و پس از بحران است. نوع پژوهش کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی، تحلیلی است. در این مقاله با استفاده از مدل تحلیل سلسله&zwnj;مراتبی در محیط نرم&zwnj;افزار ARC GIS میزان آسیب&zwnj;پذیری مناطق شهر کرمانشاه سنجش و اولویت&zwnj;بندی شده است. نتایج مبین آن است که به&zwnj;لحاظ معیار پایداری فیزیکی ۳۱/۶۹ درصد از ساختمان&zwnj;های شهر در ناحیة آسیب&zwnj;پذیری خیلی زیاد و زیاد هستند و در این معیار منطقه 3 آسیب&zwnj;پذیر&zwnj;ترین منطقه شهر است. همچنین از نظر معیار کارایی امدادرسانی به هنگام بحران ۱۳/۶۵ درصد از بنا&zwnj;های شهر در ناحیه آسیبپذیری خیلی زیاد و زیاد هستند که با توجه به این معیار، منطقه پنج آسیب&zwnj;پذیرترین منطقه شهر است. به لحاظ آسیب&zwnj;پذیری کالبدی هم ۷۸/۲۳درصد از ابنیه شهر در ناحیه&zwnj;ی آسیبپذیری خیلی زیاد و ۰۹۷/۳۴ درصد در پهنه آسیبپذیری زیاد واقع شده&zwnj;اند. مناطق ۳، ۷، ۴ و ۲ به ترتیب آسیبپذیر&zwnj;ترین مناطق شهر کرمانشاه در صورت وقوع زلزله هستند.

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